The poor natives in Peru were doomed once the Spanish discovered all of the silver present. I believe they basically enslaved the local indigenous population.
Like what we do today with fiat money.
edit- respeito ao Brasil, lar da vuvuzela barulhenta
(Brazilian gold ended up in England, helping fuel the industrial revolution)
Brazil, with the largest area, population, and economy doesn't count?
The US speaks English. Fat lot of good that did the colonial British :-)
I don't mean to engage in a flame war like we saw above, but "cooperators, culturally respectful" does not apply to any European Empire, afaik:
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/10/dutch-colonial-history-...
Really? The Dutch brutally enslaved large parts of Africa and Asia.