About the origins of the equals sign
blog.plover.com
blog.plover.com
I will second his recommendation to read original works. They aren't always the best, but in many instances they can teach you a lot more than just the topic at hand. If you have your grammar school science textbooks at one end of the spectrum---nth hand knowledge echoed by an author with no understanding of the subject---then original works are at the opposite end---the idea in its first appearance, recorded by someone with the power necessary to understand and discover it for the first time. The advantage isn't only in that the author takes great pains to present his new discovery, it's in the countless unrepeatable ways he presents it dictated by the climate of his time. Just like there will never be another 17th century Italy to produce those particular violins, there will never be another Victorian Era to produce On the Origin of Species, in the way it was originally written. You can rewrite and distill the idea, but you can't recapture all the implications that originally flowed from it. Reinterpretations strip an idea of its historical context, and frequently these are as important as the idea itself.
Be aware, though, that this recommendation does have a flip side. I haven't tried to read Maxwell's original Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, but I've heard it said that it's really, really difficult to get through. The fact that Maxwell's equations, the marvel of their era, are now a subject for second-year undergraduates is due to Oliver Heaviside's later work. From Wikipedia:
In 1884 [Heaviside] recast Maxwell's mathematical analysis from its original cumbersome form (they had already been recast as quaternions) to its modern vector terminology, thereby reducing the original twenty equations in twenty unknowns down to the four differential equations in two unknowns we now know as Maxwell's equations.
Just imagine Maxwell's equations as a system of 20 simultaneous equations. Now marvel at the fact that Maxwell was able to conclude anything at all while operating under such a heavy handicap.
Similarly, one of the reasons that intelligent nonphysicists today find quantum mechanics terribly confusing is that the original formulators of quantum theory -- guys like Bohr, Heisenberg, Schroedinger, and Einstein -- were so influential and so well-spoken that their writings and ideas have refused to go quietly into the dustbin of history, where many of them arguably belong. The mental models used by these folks -- the cat in the box, the atom as a miniature solar system, the notion of "god playing dice" -- are largely obsolete. They reflect the viewpoint of classically-trained physicists desperately scrambling for a grip on quantum theory. Now that quantum theory is much better understood, there are probably better ways to approach the subject than the analogies and metaphors used by its original pioneers.
Another example: While Darwin's Origin of Species is a great work, guys like Dennett and Dawkins and Gould have noted that one of Darwin's awesome literary talents is his ability to distract you from the fact that he didn't know about genetics. Without the notion of a gene it's rather hard to explain why the individual members of a species exhibit variation in the first place. Darwin, whose theory was already very difficult to sell, understood this problem but was careful not to call too much attention to it; it remained as a real hole in his theory until later work cemented it shut.
The three guys I named have various disagreements on one thing or another, so it wouldn't surprise me to find that each has his partisans. Also note that science writing for the public is a completely different art than science, itself. Gould may well be taken more seriously as a practicing scientist, but that shouldn't necessarily matter to me as a reader of his popuLar works. Isaac Asimov was a great science writer, but his scientific career was brief and undistinguished.
As far as I know, Dawkins' books give his version of evolution, that is somewhat non-standard and not yet proven. Gould used to write about evolution more as it was widely accepted by scientists on his time. I know they both have disagreements, but as far as I know Dawkins is faster in writing about not very accepted subjects as widely accepted science.
As for your generalizations: I think they're way too sweeping. Gould and Dawkins have written hundreds of thousands of words. Some of those words are probably too daring, others not daring enough; some are words about cutting-edge subjects, some are about classic works in their fields. Some of their words have caught fire in the popular imagination to a much greater extend than their authors intended, i.e. Dawkins' "meme" concept was originally intended as a half-joking metaphor, and he himself doesn't take it too seriously.
But finding a meme these days is like mentioning the long tail. It seems a little antiquated and cutesy.
John Maynard Smith, possibly the preeminent evolutionary theorist of our era:
"Gould occupies a rather curious position, particularly on his side of the Atlantic. Because of the excellence of his essays, he has come to be seen by non-biologists as the preeminent evolutionary theorist. In contrast, the evolutionary biologists with whom I have discussed his work tend to see him as a man whose ideas are so confused as to be hardly worth bothering with, but as one who should not be publicly criticized because he is at least on our side against the creationists. All this would not matter, were it not that he is giving non-biologists a largely false picture of the state of evolutionary theory."
Also, I haven't read an essay that is quite so direct as this one that you link to. I'd point out that this link illustrates my point: When scientists get down to business and talk about each other's work, they do not mince words. It's kind of refreshing, actually.
(A quick check of YouTube finds it here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwZNg237x1M)
Also, little more about this subject on the PBS site:
I think that sounds exactly like people defending bizarre syntax rules in modern languages.