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I've never used surfshark myself but they advertise as having a killswitch inlcluded in their VPN [0] so it sounds like in this case, it definitely failed.

[0] https://surfshark.com/vpn#vpn-page-essentials

Just setup your routes/firewall so that the only possible way traffic can leave your machine is via the VPN device. VPN dies? no traffic going anywhere. Pretty much networking 101 stuff.

That should be the same when bound to an interface, shouldn’t it?

Speed should not be a problem and hardware solution should not have to be a better solution, ideally. Shame that has to be brought up still.