Because $300B was never there. A quantity of a certain thing times its most recent sale price per unit was calculated to be a proxy of the trade-able value of what could have been there.
Valuation was lost. Not actual coins. That works with any stocks...
Don’t worry, the unregulated exchanges can wash trade the prices right back up again. Just don’t be left holding a bag when the USD liquidity runs dry.
Market cap is last price times total supply. Only a few coins are sold each day compared to the total supply so changes in price have a magnified affect on market cap.
For example a blockchain has 10 coins and a fixed price initial sale at 1$ per coin. All coins are sold so the market cap is 10$ which refects the total money sunk into the coin.
But now someone sells their coin for 2$. The market cap is now 20$ but only 11$ we're spent on the coins.