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reStructuredText also defines a whole system for transforming the document tree, which as far as I know, no other markup language doesI guess we're not agreeing what a "markup language" is then, since the things you mention, plus defining your formal vocabulary etc., is very much the entire point of SGML/XML/HTML. I'm aware the term "markup" is used inflationary to mean all things text to all people ever since YAML came up with its original, flawed meaning of that acronym, but "markup" in the original sense really is just any layout instruction and proofreading comment written in a shorthand notation on a preprint copy, and has a very specific meaning developed from there in digital text, quite different from "any convention to encode text formatting using ASCII" (I know since my boss, a typesetter by profession, way back used that notation for reviewing/dissing my prints, and ruining my weekend ;)
Markdown indeed is only a set of Wiki syntax conventions for HTML specifically, and as such only allows HTML rather than arbitrary inline/block elements. But it's quite natural to implement Markdown (or rST) as a SHORTREF syntax within the greater SGML framework to give you site building, validation, transformations, text macros, etc. etc.