The text/enriched MIME Content-type (1996)
rfc-editor.org
rfc-editor.org
As I recall Apple Mail.app can still decode them, as can mutt.
Mutt allows one to compose such, but without any specific help - one has to write the markup raw, then change the MIME type before sending.
But, I mean, it explicitly said it expected HTML to win, and even included code to “upgrade” text/enriched to HTML 2.0 as a forward-compatibility measure given that eventuality.
The fact that mail has to be sanitized at all is already a nightmare, and a perfect example of where inappropriate reuse of existing standard can lead to.
Though I'm not aware of a modern MUA employing SGML ;(