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To be fair, in sociology this sort of thing might not make it out of preprint for certain reasons: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievance_studies_affair

You seem knowledgeable on the subject. Have there been any studies that have been peer reviewed, and replicated, that have come to roughly the same conclusions? Or is this preprint the first time the subject has been studied?

Not an expert, but I believe this is a widely studied area with a large body of literature. I say this because I've seen articles with similar conclusions going back decades. You can probably find many by searching Google Scholar For Occupational sex differences or selection

*any articles

Isn't a preprint a way to make your article available outside Elsevier's paywall these days?