The Descriptor: a definition of the B5000 information processing system (1961)
cs.virginia.edu
cs.virginia.edu
http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2855500
http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2855508
http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2856567
I highly recommend the last one. All of it, not just the linked passage. I doubt I've ever enjoyed reading a technical memoir so much.
Some noteworthy firsts:
First commercial implementation of virtual memory
Tagged, stack-based architecture, designed for easier compiler implementation
Most of the OS and other systems software written in a high-level language (a dialect of Algol 67)
The descendant of this architecture is still in production as the Unisys ClearPath/MCP architecture
(edited for formatting)