You need to understand that I'm talking about net taxes. Referencing [0], the bottom 20% of households have a median market income of $15,800. They receive $9,600 in transfers and services. Their pre-tax income is $25,400 and they pay $800 in taxes. States and municipal taxes vary, but even high sales tax states and counties have rates of 15% or less. Let's call it 20% just to be extra generous in the discussion. Take their $24,500 in after tax dollars and spend every bit of it and pay 20% on all transactions. These households have paid $4,900 in non-federal taxes. So their net contribution across all levels of government is $4,900 - $9,600 = $-4,700. On a net basis, they don't pay for any part of the operations of the country at any level because the federal transfers pay for all of their non-federal tax burden.
If you look at the second quintile and do the same math, you also get a negative result. Only at the middle quintile does it even become possible for them to spend so much locally that their local taxes offset the amount in transfers and services.
I stand by my statement that a very large portion of Americans don't pay for any government. Assuming you consider ~40% of Americans to be a very large portion. I didn't say a majority, just a very large portion. Though it is possible that a majority of households don't pay for any government, depending on the specifics of their local tax rates and spending habits. If the middle quintile doesn't spend ALL their money at a local average tax rate of 12.8%, then they don't contribute either.
0. See page 31, table 1 of 2013 Distribution of Household Income and Taxes [pdf], https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-...