Real-world data show that filters clean Covid-causing virus from air
nature.com
nature.com
This doesn't have sweeping applicability. It won't stop covid among the general population. Its for maybe hospitals that are on super covid lockdown that want a little more protection for their most vulnerable patients.
We get rid of covid through mass vaccination like any other virus. There's no shortcuts for those who refuse masks and vaccines.
- Extended time indoors, with high viral loads. It spreads ridiculously well with no protection (even among the vaccinated).
- Isolated superspreader events, where one person infects many, even with distant contact.
Filters would seem to target the latter more than the former.
how do you know? it seems like most cases are attributed to the nebulous "community spread" and nobody is really sure who they're coming from or how we're catching it. maybe we are getting it from the person breathing near us - if masks help, i don't see a reason that improved air filtration wouldn't.
It’s as if we all forgot how viruses work.
One of the big factors of "better protection" of immunity gained after recovering from the virus is survivor bias. In data about mortality after reinfection there are no people who died after getting it for the 1st time. This leaves only ones who had body strong enough to recover.
There's no surprise that later that group fares better.
but at least in my region, the majority of cases still don't have a known source. maybe that's because people are catching it in scenarios where they're in close proximity to somebody for extended periods of time but forget about it when the contact tracers call them, and all cases are spread that way.
or maybe it's spreading in grocery stores and other casual contact scenarios but that's just impossible to measure or count. we keep hearing that there's no evidence of it spreading in schools, and yet as long as students are in school it spreads a lot more among students. is it not spreading there, or is it just really difficult to find the evidence of that?
It's not obvious to me that in-room air filters wouldn't reduce the exposure in this case, as the original commenter claimed? If it reduces the virus in the air, as the OP study finds, it seems like it probably would reduce virus exposure and thus infection rate when spending long periods indoors in close proximity, no?
Sure, just because it reduces the virus in the air doesn't necessarily mean it reduces infection -- like hypothetically the virus could commonny be going right from someone's exhale to someone else's inhale without having a chance to be filtered -- which I think is what the original commenter was suggesting -- but that's not the "spending long periods" scenario at all. I think it's true that while you probably can get infected in as little as ~15 minutes (not necessarily in just a couple minutes), but also clear that the longer you are in the same room, the higher risk.
But sure, we don't know exactly everything. All we can do is build knowledge one brick at a time, AND all we can do is act on the bricks we already have (that we don't have the whole wall yet is not a reason to avoid acting on our best picture (mixed metaphor, sue me) form what we do have)... but reducing virus in the air is a pretty huge brick for a respiratory infection. Based on everything we do know, it is hard to believe what the original commenter asks us to, to believe that reducing viral concentration in the air would NOT significantly lower infection rate.
I think it's becoming increasingly clear we should be spending at least as much attention on HEPA air filtration as people have been on masks.
if you are having trouble visualizing how this works, imagine a perfume dispenser jetting out a fine mist, that's your covid positive person exhaling. In an enclosed small room, the concentration of that particulate mist is much higher than in a large room, and unable to disperse quickly without any ventilation. Over time, you will inhale more and more of this particulate in this room at this concentration, and you will hit the infectious dose level eventually. If you are outside, or in a larger or well ventilated room, concentration of the particulate is much smaller since its either dispersing into a greater volume of air or being removed from the area due to ventilation, and it might take you a long period of time to inhale enough particulate at this comparatively lower airborne concentration in order to become sick. Outside, even in a protest, the volume of air is so large in which to disperse particulate that the risk of getting an infectious dose is negligible even with someone yelling right next to you.
So, I have seen a lot of these papers, but too much feels like post hoc justification. I'm game for being cautious, so I'm not really saying to do anything different, but I do want to urge way more caution in messaging than I'm seeing. It is fair and ok to talk of the uncertainty.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16696450/
>Abstract
>Recent investigations into the March 2003 outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong have concluded that environmental factors played an important role in the transmission of the disease. These studies have focused on a particular outbreak event, the rapid spread of SARS throughout Amoy Gardens, a large, private apartment complex. They have demonstrated that, unlike a typical viral outbreak that is spread through person-to-person contact, the SARS virus in this case was spread primarily through the air. High concentrations of viral aerosols in building plumbing were drawn into apartment bathrooms through floor drains. The initial exposures occurred in these bathrooms. The virus-laden air was then transported by prevailing winds to adjacent buildings at Amoy Gardens, where additional exposures occurred. This article reviews the results of the investigations and provides recommendations for maintenance and other measures that building owners can take to help prevent environmental transmission of SARS and other flulike viruses in their buildings.
P-traps can dry out though, but they stink if they do. Maybe that's what happened there?
Edit: yes, that's the theory - floor drains with dry u-bends allowed the poop air out.
The important takeaway is SARS 1 had significant fecal-oral transmission and not just respiratory.
And yet I'm supposed to believe that SARS 2 is respiratory only despite the fact that the government has detected SARS 2 in sewer systems, one of the early Covid symptoms is diarrhea, and SARS 1 had significant number of infections by fecal matter.
Hopefully this will help.
If someone standing in front of you sneezes, a filter in the HVAC isn’t doing anything to stop you from getting covid.
I mean, isn’t airborne transmission still uncertain for Covid?
I don't think there's any uncertainty left in airborne transmission: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2021/05/04/who-corona...
This virus isn't going anywhere until we develop an actual vaccine that stops it. I, personally, bet on CRISPR-based or similar solution.
Filtering air will slow it down, but it cannot stop it.
1x 20-inch box fan ($20)
1x 20x20 MERV-13+ MPR-2400+ HVAC air filter ($20)
1x roll of duct tape ($2.50)
Air particle meters and other testing show they work just as well as big expensive machines (it's just the filter doing all the work). This is indeed a dirt cheap way to improve overall health.That's a MERV-13 filter, not a HEPA filter.
HEPA filters 99%+ of small (0.3um) particles per pass. A MERV-13 filter only filters like 60% per pass IIRC.
That means that a 1000 cu. feet of air through the HEPA filter will result in 990+ cu. feet of clean air. While the MERV-13 filter will only produce 600 cu. feet of clean air.
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A MERV13 filter would be good enough to improve most air, but its not HEPA and shouldn't be confused with it.
There’s a plot 1/3 of the way down the page that shows the curves:
MERV13 also needs less pressure, and a box fan is bad with pressure. If you stuck a HEPA filter on a box fan, it might only do 100cu feet of airflow. MERV13 is maybe 200.
HEPA is designed for higher pressure centrifugal fans. MERV13 is likely the best balance for home made designs
Personally, I’d caution not to over-generalize this fact.
According to this website (https://freshairaustralia.blogspot.com/2020/01/how-does-merv...) a study for underground mining filtration found a MERV-16 filter superior to HEPA in terms of airflow and cost, with a negligible difference in filtration efficiency.
According to the study, the MERV-16 filters have higher flow rates than a HEPA filter, which would both make the MERV filter a better fit for an inefficient fan, and increase the air filtration rate. The author of that site also finds that the airflow rate can be more important than a filter's rated efficiency: https://freshairaustralia.blogspot.com/2020/01/why-air-flow-...
After some web searching, it seems you can buy smaller replacement HEPA filters and MERV-16 filters starting at ~$40. So I guess you can spend less if you only need "air purifying", and more if you want the real deal.
Also, I found this article which I found informative. Judge it as you please:
https://www.iso-aire.com/blog/what-are-the-differences-betwe...
Also, I found this article which I found informative. Judge it as you please:
https://www.iso-aire.com/blog/what-are-the-differences-betwe...
https://www.texairfilters.com/its-all-about-the-air-flow-thr...
i'm down with air purifiers for indoor particulate matter (i.e., air pollution), but they're not really going to make a dent in covid transmission rates. transmission happens mainly during long face-to-face conversations, which mostly precedes/bypasses room air filtration.
(central) air filtration can be effective against harmful pollutants, but not really against infectious agents like corona.
I would think you’d get very, very close to 1000 cu of cleaner air, with only 1% of the particles of the input.
It’s not as if that 1000 cu feet has 1% particles.
They look a lot nicer than a big ugly box fan with a filter duct taped to it, are much smaller, and the lowest power setting runs imperceptibly quiet. The only issue is that the fans in these devices are cheaply made and can sometimes become unbalanced and start rattling over time. The low cost makes it easy to replace them, though.
What, they are "little used"? I'd assume that's the first place that would have adopted them. So strange how some hospitals operate.
Unlike other nations like Germany and Estonia, Canada's healthcare system is fully dependent on the provincial government to exist and be funded. If I'm not mistaken, in the two countries I mentioned, clinics can get private funding while providing universal access in most cases, which means they have a larger buffer between the political whims of the state, and their ability to provide service. If the state under-provides, the clinics can seek investors to cover the new costs, all the while maintaining universal coverage.
That's not something Canadians can do. Talk of any private involvement, or restructuring in general, in Canada's healthcare system is often very politically charged and not particularly honest, so change is not happening any time soon.
I suspect the issue here is that the hospitals know that having HEPA filters would be a good idea, but political will isn't there to give them what they need. Canadian politics on both sides lately has been more about the appearance of progress through large gestures, rather than careful consideration of long term solutions. It's very unfortunate.
Given that the federal government is responsible for funding much/most of the provincial health care system, they have some input into how things operate. Most provinces have a good handle on covid unless their government went too deep into the "covid is over" bit (Alberta, Saskatchewan). The covid response here was delayed due to the need to secure vaccines from others, but the end result has been quite good.
I have lived all over N America, and the freedom/flexibility of the Canadian health system has been better than anywhere except St. Louis, MO when I was there - and that required full-time employment.
Yes, I am a Canadian. I lived there for 25 years. I have Canadian citizenship. Most of my family still lives there. I also ended up stuck in Ontario for most of COVID. I have family in Ontario, in Quebec, and elsewhere in the country. I don't think Ontario had a very good handle on COVID. It's also no secret that Canada is suffering a major staffing, and funding shortage in the healthcare sector right now.
While most of your reply is about dentists (I'll get to that later), I see you're comparing Canada's healthcare system to the USA. I'm not. Compared to other systems in NA, yes, it's much better since it's free and somewhat fair. But that's the problem. Canadians should be looking to other developed nations with public healthcare. Not to the United States which operates on a completely different paradigm. My comment that you're replying to is entirely contrasting Canadian healthcare with EU systems, not Americans.
> dental office reopened
The majority of dentists are private entities, and are not subject to the same funding rules as hospitals. They're not licensed through the same entities, funded, or managed in the same way at all. Likely why they were able to adapt so quickly. See: https://www.cda-adc.ca/stateoforalhealth/servicescanada/
> [..] they checked vaccination status and accepted the mask she walked in with.
I'm not really sure what you're getting at here, this does not really relate to funding, or anything I'm talking about really. This is more about safety policy, not funding, which is what I'm trying to discuss.
Don't get me wrong, I've had some good experiences with the system as well, but that does not mean it shouldn't significantly improved.
Could you be conflating talks about "privatization" (allowing private clinics to exist and take OHIP) with private healthcare payments (you don't get OHIP) by mistake? Those two are not really the same at all, but get conflated in the media often.
That last part there about Ottawa or Ontario, not sure which one, doesn't really make much sense, sorry. It's unclear what you're getting at. Nothing there really sounds related to what I'm talking about.
https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/outbreak-at-quebec-city-gym-link...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e6.htm
https://elpais.com/especiales/coronavirus-covid-19/a-room-a-...
Maybe they coughed over shared food/drink trays.
Wouldn't that just be because of protocol, ie. they don't know if you, a member of the public, actually have a legit N95 mask, or if you know how to correctly implement it, etc.
Incidentally, if you want to validate 3M N95 masks, 3M has a web site for that.[1] You type in the code on the bottom of the box and 3M checks it. You can only do this once per code; the site will tell you if a valid code has been used before. They suggest signing and dating the box after doing this, to indicate that check has been done.
[1] https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/worker-health-safety-us/3m-safeg...
Happened to me many times. Sometimes they let me wear it over my (certified) N95, sometimes they don't.
They never required we remove a mask.
But come on, if anyone finds something that’s probably effective based on science and isn’t going to negatively affect anyone, let’s shout it from the rooftops. If schools had been given funding to improve air circulation and filtration as well as a local gym now does after a $500,000 upgrade, I’m sure many would feel better about sending their children to school.
An awful lot of our handling of COVID has been farcical (a year and a half in, we’re still relying on cloth masks and obsessively sanitizing surfaces), but in the case of schools it’s veered toward absurdist/tragic.
There’s nothing farcical about recommending cloth masks and surface cleaning during the first few months of the pandemic when nothing was known about how the virus spread and when masks needed to be reserved for those on the front lines.
The only farcical piece is how our society reacted to the recommendations of the experts.
That depends completely on where you live, there are plenty of places that still have indoor or outdoor mask mandates, despite them being completely useless.
My point remains.
That's why it's farcical. In my area, you're required to wear your mask when you enter a restaurant and keep it on until you reach your table. Employees spend 8 hours breathing in the building through a cloth mask. Many places are still serving using single-use dishware to "stop the spread". Many people are still walking around with gloves on.
I'm not saying these were bad recommendations at the time, but they've turned into talismans and rituals we do to ward off the evil spirit of COVID while people broadly go about their lives as before.
Meanwhile, things like updating and repairing HVAC systems or restructuring buildings to maximize airflow, which both actually address COVID and have actual positive effects on health and wellbeing get short shrift, because we're wearing masks, so we're safe, and doing real work is expensive.
Now this pandemic started around 2020, which is more than decade later.
So recommending cloth masks was and is indeed farcical. Doing it after recommending against mask usage is idiocy. And no, the world’s collective scientific understanding of masks didn’t change between 2020 and 2021.
We are required to have two HEPA filters always running in the classroom. They are loud. Combined with the fact that (1) children mumble, (2) the children have masks on, and (3) everyone is supposed to stay 3+ feet apart, it's quite hard to hear what a lot of kids are saying!
I don't know what the right answer is, but what we have now really sucks!
Speaking for many schools in heating dominated climates: renovate the what? (Many schools have forced water radiators, which are obviously not able to be retrofitted for effective air filtration.)
The one I have is loud enough on it's lowest setting that I don't like leaving it on in the background :(
That said the real failure was the FDA not making getting the vaccine approved for your 3rd graders by the start of the school year. Frankly I don't know how those guys can look themselves in the mirror while they are shaving in the morning.
I think vaccine approval for 5-11 year olds is coming in early November.
Kids have been separated from their parents due to increased evictions, their parents may not be able to work which means less money for food/clothing/services/healthcare, their parents & extended family are dying, their education has been impacted, and everyone has been going crazy from being cooped up with their families & not being able to play with friends or do extracurriculars.
also, you're already distancing (which is doing nearly all the work there) and wearing masks (which is mostly theater in a distanced classroom as well). the virus isn't free-floating live in the classroom. most virus falls to the ground directly. of what's aloft, it becomes inactivated pretty quickly for all sorts of reasons (dessication, ph, temperature, radiation, etc.) and most likely won't land anywhere near a viable infection spot. so almost no active virus is filtered out before it has a chance to reach a moist, viable passageway in another person.
even huge central commercial systems likely wouldn't filter out coronavirus before they die off or land somewhere harmlessly. it's another potential intervention that sounds plausible on the surface, but is mostly useless against covid.
1. Air purifiers don’t filter the air evenly (commercial ones since that’s the context). 2. Social distancing indoors is doing most of the work (ie is almost all that’s needed to stop the spread). 3. The virus isn’t free-floating live in the classroom
for instance, this study did not link air filtration to a reduction in transmission, only that a hepa+uv filter can reduce sars-cov-2 from known aerosolized air, basically an expected result in a controlled study (not “real-world”, as claimed).
We'd be in a lot better shape if we'd decided to actually do something instead of falling back on the usual learned helplessness.
Elevators, gyms, restaurants.
Not saying it has to happen all at once, but it would help decrease most respiratory diseases from spreading.
Of course ideally it would be better to have effective sterilizing vaccines for all those various respiratory viruses, and perhaps someday we will. But those generally don't exist today for the vast majority of viruses.
Victoria for example ordered 51,000 filters recently to place across all schools.
Woah! I knew that isolation rooms where full-on filtered and with positive pressure. But I genuinely believed that all hospital HVAC units and major circulation ducts had HEPA filter stages.
Is this true? Is it not mandatory for hospitals to add these filtering stages on all HVAC units or circulation ducts?
Do they really just keep rotating the same contaminated air throughout the whole hospital?
So what would’ve happened if we had created a zillion jobs installing air filtration to create healthier workplaces across many dimensions (not just Covid) instead of paying people to stay home?
And, would anyone have believed you?
Many things are obvious in hindsight.
Anyone who looked into this, including me, knew this more than a year ago.
https://www.solerpalau.com/nl-nl/ronde-buisventilator-td-sil...
https://statics.solerpalau.com/media/import/documentation/NL...
Here are some centrifugaal high pressure tube fans, but I don't know how noisy they are compared to the S&P "TD-SILENT" silent series (with noisy sounding names like "Cyclone").
https://www.ventilatieshop.com/buisventilatoren/hogedruk-bui...
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28736187
The overheating problem on my MBP was so bad and so pathetically common, that I had to take drastic and expensive measures, which work pretty well. I tried various laptop cooling stands, and they were cheap and plastic and had shitty fans that hardly pushed any air, and didn't help.
So I got a solid aluminum laptop stand without a fan, which conducts heat much better than plastic, and I bought four sets of stick-on heat sinks (some large and some small), and stuck them all over the back of the aluminum laptop stand on the surface that touches the bottom of the laptop.
Then I bought a very powerful and quiet inline ventilation fan (the kind you use to pump air out of the bathroom), and analog speed dial (make sure you get an AC speed control for an AC fan, or a DC control if you get a DC fan) and some big wide round air tubing, and I set the fan in the opposite corner of the room (or outside the room with the door open) where the noise it generates is harder to hear, and ran the tube up to the cooling-fin encrusted back of the laptop stand, where it quietly blows lots of air on the back, and cools the stand and laptop quite effectively.
I usually run it at the lowest quietest setting "1", but can turn it up to "10" to cool it down quicker when it's overheating.
If anyone's interested I can provide links to the actual products I bought. Desktop and laptop fans were just not powerful enough, and very loud and clumsy, and it sucks to have the fan itself right next to you instead of in the next room. But the inline room ventilation fans are much more powerful and quieter and adjustable, but more expensive, and the flexible air tube lets you position the fan far away from the computer.
I was losing so many hours of work due to overheating that it was well worth investing in all the equipment to really cool it down.
Here are the small and large adhesive heat sinks, which are sold for 3d printers (I got two packs of each size: 16 eur total for 40 small ones, 16 eur total for 8 big ones):
CTRICALVER Aluminium Heatsink, Black Heatsink, Thermal Adhesive Pad Cooler, for 3D Printer, Pack of 10 (20pcs)
CTRICALVER Thermal conductivity of the radiator, heat conduction measures L40 mm x W40 mm x H11 mm, pack of 4
The fan was 185 eur, and the AC speed control was 35 eur or so, and I wired it myself with a switched plug for a couple euros. There are many models of fan, some AC and some DC, that move various amounts of air per minute, with fixed or three or variable speeds, that make different amounts of noise, but I shopped around and am pretty happy with the mid-range one I got. (S&P is a European brand so YYMV.)
Soler & Palau TD-500/150-160 Silent 580/430m3 Air Conditioning Fan + REB-1N AC speed control
The aluminum stand was 36 eur:
NULAXY Laptop Ständer, Einstellbar Notebook Ständer, Ausblendbar laptopständer Kompatibel für alle 11-17 inches Notebooks: MacBook Pro/Air, Dell
The next step I'm planning is making an air filteration system by taping together some filters like this DIY box fan air purifier, but using the powerful inline fan instead of a weak box fan:
https://tombuildsstuff.blogspot.com/2013/06/better-box-fan-a...
I haven't decided what kind of filters to use yet: cheap high flow central air conditioner filters, or more expensive HEPA filters, that restrict the air flow more. The fan is quite powerful so I'm pretty sure it can handle the HEPA filters, but I haven't tried yet. Maybe that's overkill. But after wasting so many hours on overheating, overkill is kind of the point.
- Super-quiet
- Sensor does actually speed it up with even trivial amounts of pollution. You sneeze in the same room, or spray some hairspray, and woosh.
- Washable prefilter, carbon filter, HEPA filter
I have a super-high-end air filter from 2-3 decades ago, and I'm surprised by the progress. The cheap 2020 unit is better.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndr...
So.. COVID.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS#Acquired_immunodefici...
There's only like 7 coronaviruses that have been discovered to infect a human. Three of which are SARS, MERS, and COVID19.
Its pretty novel, all else considered.
There's only 4 coronaviruses that causes a cold: HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63
The rest are rhinoviruses.
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That's literally only 7 coronaviruses to care about (including the 4 that cause "common cold").
Check out the cost of IQAir units.