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Spoiler alert: vast majority of FAANG systems run on Linux, making billions for them.

Don't they also provide a lot of developer time through patches?

This is a common occurrence.

Modifications don't need to be shared back to the community if the software is used internally or behind a webserver.

AWS did this with a bunch of stuff including Elastic.

amazon and google both created managed version of popular open source software like grafana and airflow and they are priced at a premium.

grafana is agplv3 but grafana the company has a deal with amazon to grant them a special licence