The problem with Kotlin is that it only has one global "anything-but-null", so nested ?s are collapsed (String?? is equivalent to String?). This is because it needs to run on the JVM, which only knows about is-null and is-not-null.

This interacts terribly with generics, since it means that only one side of the generic boundary can "own" the null value at any one time. To simplify a case where this can cause issues:

    class Loadable<T>(
      // null until value is loaded
      var valueIfLoaded: T?,
    )
    // returns null if user is not found
    fun getUser(id: String): Loadable<User?>

Code that interprets Loadable<T> will get stuck showing a loading bar, since it has no idea about getUser using null for anything else. This doesn't even generate a warning!

The "correct thing to do here would be to add a `T: Any` bound on Loadable, which prevents T from itself being a nullable type. That would notify the author of getUser that they need to box the User?, so that the cases are kept separate:

    data class Box<T>(val value: T)
    class Loadable<T>(
      // null until value is loaded
      var valueIfLoaded: T?,
    )
    // returns null if user is not found
    fun getUser(id: String): Loadable<Box<T?>>

These are things you don't even have to consider when using a typical well-designed Option type (which, mind you, could still have a syntax sugar for T? if you wanted it).