First Human Case of Rabies in Illinois Since 1954
dph.illinois.gov
dph.illinois.gov
The amount of misinformation and conflicting procedures we got from all the health professionals was staggering. Some said PEP right away, others told us no risk. Cats needed no boosters said the vet, but by law they did. Also had to quarantine the cats (120 days). Confusion all around and incredibly frustrating.
We had the bat tested, it was a $100 + $75 to ship a frozen bat to another state. If you can’t afford that, you are hosed. Thankfully it was negative.
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c5_008.htm#ep184109
526.7 Dead Animals or Parts of Animals
"GROUP A: Items that need to be refrigerated"
"GROUP B: Items that must be dried"
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c5_003.htm#ep183811
521 General Requirements
"protection of animal specimens against spoilage"
"Mailers are urged to work with postmasters"
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c3_027.htm#ep900096
349.23 Dry Ice
"containers that permit the release of carbon dioxide gas and conform to 49 CFR 173.217 and 175.10(a)(10)"
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52apxc_029.htm#ep1000804
USPS Packaging Instruction 9A
"must be clearly marked “Carbon Dioxide Solid, UN1845” Or “Dry Ice, UN1845”"
Yes, mailing stuff that requires labeling without those labels can get you in deep shit (because the feds don't really do shallow shit).
That doesn't mean everyone doesn't do it left and right.
Go buy some refrigerated food or medication off eBay and see how it ships. Heck, a certain country will ship you all manner of truly dangerous things in nothing more than a bubble wrap envelope.
The amount of dry ice required to refrigerate a bat (or tub of caviar, or niche cheese, or whatever) is easy to package safely. Throw it in a rag in a strofoam temp cooler. Do a non-terrible job boxing it up and it won't get out in any form other than as a gas.
This is one of the many cases where the behavior of the average individual is not in accordance with the law and (as 20+yr of eCommerce have shown us) nothing bad happens except in cases of exceptional stupidity.
I know that "but the law" and assumptions of stupidity of the general public make for easy points around here but neither complaint is materially relevant in this situation.
It sounds like you're assuming dry ice is only dangerous in terms of cold burns.
The gas, carbon dioxide, is dangerous as well. People have died transporting dry ice in a vehicle. CO2 isn't the most dangerous gas, but in an enclosed space like a delivery vehicle it can cause problems. A delivery service needs to consider the cumulative effects of all packages. Your dry ice package may not be the only one in a vehicle.
Individuals without experience are generally not capable of doing a thorough risk assessment, which is why regulations are so important.
*ymmv on your area
https://www.freightwaves.com/news/faa-issues-dry-ice-alert-t...
https://www.freightwaves.com/news/dry-ice-the-russian-an-124...
Keep in mind, this is also an aviation concern as well as loading/unloading. Resting in the backs of trucks on break, etc.
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c5_011.htm
However, there is 349.23 Dry Ice, which applies to any package using it, whether meat or animal or other:
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c3_027.htm#ep900096
Note that USPS also requires you to declare if a package contains Perishable or Hazardous goods, and label it clearly if it's being mailed under 52 Animals:
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c5_004.htm
If you fail to do so, they can in theory fine you or have you arrested — especially for failing to declare dry ice, which falls under Hazard Class 9, the "miscellaneous" class:
https://pe.usps.com/text/pub52/pub52c3_004.htm
"Anyone who mails, or causes to be mailed, a nonmailable or improperly packaged hazardous material can be subject to legal penalties (i.e., fines and/or imprisonment)"
Talk about your "you must be fun at parties"; and this isn't necessarily directed at you, floatingatoll, but when I see comments like this I often wonder if it's a case of "memorizes USPS shipping rules for fun" or more likely "worked on a contract once where we had to codify USPS shipping rules into an application, so I don't have them memorized but sure as hell know where to look".
For example, I've written code for computers to consume for the vast majority of my career. But go ahead and ask me the finer points of cellophane manufacturing...please, I've been waiting years for it to come up in conversation.
Mike, you should hook up with The Prepared email newsletter and ask to be a guest author some week. They would be super excited to have you participate. :)
Depending on one's career path, though, I think we all collect little tidbits along the way that are way outside of the software craft. I was a partner in a consulting company back in the 90s, and we specialized in small-medium businesses. Anything from cellophane to auto body shops to mail-order jewelry (class rings and the like). It wasn't always interesting (see: mail-order jewelry), but my "TIL" moments were probably more frequent than any other time.
A post about cellophane would be perfect for this audience :)
For example, I know that if I want to declare a computer peripheral to the customs, there is a good chance to get the correct TARIC code in the chapter that literally starts with "Nuclear reactors"...
After that, put in a box with a UN 3373 category B label affixed to it. Add contents list to the box as required by the label and after that drop off with your mail company of choice (UPS in our case).
Seems to be a common thing, no one bat an eye :)
I called animal control, they were out in about 30min to pick it up. Called the vet, cats were up to date on their vax, recommended boosters, explained that a 45 day quarantine was required. Animal control got back in touch about 48 hours later with the results - negative. I didn’t need to pay anything.
I’m also in the Mountain West, and although I’ve never encountered a rabid animal, apparently rabid skunks, bats, and raccoons aren’t uncommon around here. Animal control responds to these incidents pretty quickly.
Easily 20 questions, Choose-Your-Own-Adventure-style. Except the last goddamn question was, "Was the animal you encountered a bat? If so, yes, get it tested".
Their cat who found the bat was already vaccinated but they had to take it to the vet for a booster. The cat does not travel well, so it got freaked out in the car and was sick, including foaming at the mouth. There was a new tech at the vet who I guess hadn’t been informed of the situation, so when my friends walked in and said “hi, our cat needs a rabies booster,” the tech was suitably freaked out for the 30 seconds it took them to explain.
Luckily one of the health departments called back and let her know she actually needed to get a rabies vaccination within 72 hours of the attack, which means she needed it today.
She was referred to her county's health department who informed her that they wanted to test the raccoon for rabies first and the closest lab was 2 hours away. After pleading with them they referred her to a hospital in another county, who refused to give it to her because she was from a different county. After pleading with them they finally gave her the shot, but in the wrong place.
She then had to fight with eight separate doctors to give her the 5 follow-up shots.
DOH seemed quite reluctant prescribing PEP mentioning too that it is quite an intensive treatment (who gives though, being dead being the other option).
He called the Audubon Society – they wanted him to bring it in for rehab, which meant no rabies test. The animal can only be tested if dead.
The bad had an accident, died, and he sent it to Oregon State to be tested. It was positive!
Lesson, do not handle bats without extreme care, make sure your pets are vaccinated, and get the creature tested.
https://www.multco.us/multnomah-county/news/rabid-bat-found-...
See Milwaukee protocol. It did failed to improve outcomes after subsequent testing but they basically put you in a coma which I assume they still do out of compassionate reasons.
Rabies treatment doesn't guarantee survival, it's really a crap shoot
Rabies treatment can cost $22k out-of-pocket [1]
[1] https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20180220/the-high-c...
In a very USA way, this guy might have been forced to choose between death-by-rabies and leaving something for his descendants.
But if you leave it until symptoms start, it's pretty much a death sentence. A terrible, agonising death, too. (2)
There are also vaccines, that can be taken pre-exposure. What I did not know is that they date back to 1885 (3)
1:
> Existing vaccine regimens for rabies PEP are close to 100% effective and WHO-prequalified vaccines are highly effective. The expected number of rabies deaths in patients receiving PEP after a confirmed rabies exposure is fortunately extremely low.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1...
2:
> As of 2016, only fourteen people had survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms. Rabies causes about 56,000 deaths worldwide per year
This is an understatement: "Rabies causes about 56,000 deaths worldwide per year. As of 2016, only fourteen people had survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms."
There’s a couple videos on YouTube detailing the process.
It’s like advanced Alzheimer’s, delirium, and water starvation in one disease, mixed with unbelievable pain.
Even if you don't give a fuck, you wouldn't choose this way to die.
Not nice, but not really worse than many other modes of death - at least superficially. We do not know what happens in the sedated brains of the patients in their last days.
That said, daytime flying, obvious sickness, and aggression/biting are all symptoms of likely rabies in bats.
> The existence of offspring, though potentially deleterious to the gene pool, does not disqualify a nominee. . . [E]ach nominee is judged based on whether or not she has removed her own genes, without consideration to the number of offspring or, in the case of an elderly winner, the likelihood of producing more offspring.
Unfortunately that means they will survive a lot of viruses that would be deadly to other creatures, and thus can become important vectors of infection.
If you can't fly - you can't eat - die.
Bats are strange creatures and we know much less about them than, say, about mice. They inhabit a very different world.
By the time I was a teen I learned that rabies was rare, but this story helped illustrate how rare it actually is, in my home state nonetheless!
The vaccine is only recommended for people who are more likely to encounter rabid animals, like animal control workers or cavers. With prompt treatment, the PEP series is sufficient.
The virus moves through the body at up to around 7cm per day IIRC, so a bite on the neck is of more immediate concern than a bite on the hand, because it has less distance to travel to reach the brain. (Why anyone would wait at all is beyond me.)
However, don't forget Old Yeller. Man, that movie certainly drove the fear home.
The only people I know who've required rabies treatment had encounters with bats. Usually a bat got into their home through an open window, but wasn't noticed for some time. From what I was told, small bat bites aren't particularly painful or large and can look like bug bites, so any bat in the house usually ends up with a rabies treatment for residents.
Granted it was a domesticated dog (that I liked to pet on my way to school) but still they probably should have been a bit more careful!
† https://www.horrifiedmagazine.co.uk/television/the-mad-death...
I imagine people might not want to be around you if your effected, foaming at the mouth...
Oh, hang on, now they're saying it is.
Later, back home, she started showing symptoms - and subsequently died 3 months after the vacation. None of the others that had played with the puppy tested positive.
In any case - if animals bite you, especially in high-risk countries, get started on a treatment.
I'm rather amazed that case numbers are so low in such a large population as the US. I would have expected rabies deaths to be 1-3 per year, with cases being in the low hundreds. Clearly I've overestimated how often people come into physical contact with wild animals and or pets with rabies.
Back when I was a child parents always instructed children on avoiding animals in regards to rabies, what to watch out for as signs. Wildlife instructors would come into school for a fun day, and rabies would inevitably be one of the topics of safety. Given the warnings I fully expected to encounter rabid animals far more often than I have in my lifetime (which is zero times so far).
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20180220/the-high-c...
Absolutely disgusting.
[1] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jeanna-giese-rabi...
I'm reasonably certain that rabies without intensive treatment (Milwaukee or Recife or similar, the topics of that study) has had no recorded survivors after exhibiting symptoms, ever, in all the thousands of years it has been known. Given how technically intensive the treatment is, anyone performing it likely has the infrastructure to report on the treatment as well, and so I expect that study likely does include most treatment attempts.
With that said, cases slipping through pre-symptomatic discovery and treatment are so rare in countries with the infrastructure to even attempt post-symptomatic treatment that we likely don't have a good idea of what we could get the survival rate to be.
> Yet each year, hundreds of thousands of animals need to be placed under observation or be tested for rabies, and between 30,000 to 60,000 people need to receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis.
[1] https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_r...
When you don’t have the animal it is a problem. Had a friend but by a stray cat that subsequently ran away -— he had to get the treatment. Same friend was subsequently bit by a beaver and had the treatment a second time.
I’m sure this guy’s response at 80 was something like “ we all gotta die of something “
Teaching before the knowledge is needed is important
We don't live in a particularly dangerous area as far as rabies goes, and the county animal control guy was apparently surprised, but it just happens sometimes I guess. Fortunately it seems like the course of rabies treatment is not as difficult as it used to be assuming you get to the hospital in time.
My understanding though is that you still need to seek treatment if you know you've had a possible exposure but the post-exposure treatment is much less onerous. Another jab or two rather than several jabs and the (apparently very expensive) antibodies.
Was out for a late night walk in the fall and heard the same "hoot hoot" from an owl I've heard forever. Except this night, as I'm walking on the sidewalk as I always do, I get slammed in the back of my head and lurch forward. I look up and I see an owl flying away. I literally got dive bombed by an owl.
I felt fine, outside of some cobwebs to shake off from getting my bell rung. I instinctively rub the back of my head where I got hit and find blood. So, I'm attacked by animal and drew blood, my first thought is rabies.
So like any self respecting nerd I google "owl rabies". The general answer here is I should be OK, but most of the data talks about BITES. I didn't get bitten. More information required.
Looking for more a more authoritative source information, and expecting I would need to contact my insurance company anyway if I did require treatment, I call our insurance company nurse line.
Their data isn't much better. I ask if I should go to the ER, they basically leave it up to me. I ask if it would be covered by the insurance, they have no idea. I decide I'm not messing with rabies, so to the ER I go.
The ER checks out my head and it is largely superficial damage that will heal on its own after being cleaned up, but definitely a legitimate blood drawing puncture wound. Their research notes that owls themselves are safe, but animals owls predate on can carries rabies and they obviously use their claws to do that. If the owl bit me I'd be free and clear, but since I got clawed we've entered the gray area where I had to make a choice.
In theory, I should be fine and can just go home. The owl would have to predate on an animal that had rabies, get its saliva or nervous system tissue on its claws, and then get that into me through the wound. Rabies odds are low, the specific circumstance required drives it lower, you know the drill.
But as most readers here know, theory isn't practice. Rabies has to essentially be treated immediately, so if if this is the one time in life that I hit the jackpot, that's all she wrote. The staff iterated that the treatment was going to be "unpleasant", but if I googled "rabies death" it would likely be much more palatable.
That first round was a bunch of shots at various locations around my body. To try to help they rounded up nurses, armed each one with a needle, and had everyone give it to me at the same time. I felt like a pincushion, but pain wise it did actually help. I remember a sense of bodily confusion, like my body was struggling to figure out and convey what was happening where. I've never felt anything like that before or since.
The boosters from there were single shots. Since we had no way to test the animal they took the worst case schedule, which I think added an additional shot. They were largely uneventful, other than needing to return to the ER because rabies vaccine is pretty much not available anywhere else (at least around here).
The series was EXPENSIVE. I'd have to dig up the bill to find the exact numbers, but it would have easily smashed my deductible on its own. Part of the issue were the follow-ups - each was the injection plus a minimum level ER visit.
I was fortunate because my wife was pregnant at the time and was due to give birth any day, so regardless of this incident we were going to be smashing through our out-of-pocket limit anyway. It did create some confusion when I had to go to the ER to get one of the boosters during her birthing stay. Not too often do people come to the ER for treatment from the hospital side with admittance bands on and whatnot :-)
Owlet falling from nest or ready to jump from it and falling at the soil
You were most probably walking too close to the hidden owlet.
Father did what owls do when feel their owlets threatened, dive bombing from behind and attack directly to the head and neck.
Rabies is a mammals disease, fortunately can't develop in other vertebrates or migratory bird season would be a nightmare, so this owl was not under the effect of this disease. Is a typical nest defense behavior.
Nurses were probably upset against you
They better have a video of them saying repeatedly "If you don't do this, you have a 99.9999% chance of dying".
Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_vaccine#Cost)
I was not exposed to a bat, but interestingly it is estimated 1 in 10 bats under the famous Congress Avenue bridge in Austin, Texas have rabies. Not sure what the spectator draw https://www.austinbats.org/ is, given that.
"The treatment regimen for rabies was first developed in the late 1800s, and it hasn’t changed much over the last 100 years.
"But the price of survival has gone up rather dramatically -- nearly 400% over the last decade for those shots.
"That rise is part of the reason why people who have insurance coverage may be stuck with hundreds of dollars in out-of-pocket costs, while the uninsured and underinsured often face thousands of dollars in medical bills.
"In 2007, for example, vaccine maker Sanofi Pasteur charged an average wholesale cost of $740 per 10 milliliters for its Imogam immunoglobulin, a purified blood product that is the most expensive part of the rabies treatment. Ten milliliters is the standard dose for an adult who weighs between 134 and 166 pounds.
"By 2017, the company charged $3,612 for the same dose, an increase of 388% over the last decade, according to First Databank, a company that tracks pharmaceutical costs.
"HyperRAB, the other brand of immunoglobulin on the market, has seen price increases of 370% over the last decade."
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20180220/the-high-c...
So that's clearly not the only reason to vaccinate people.
I suppose rabies doesn't spread as easily between people, that might be a likely reason we don't vaccinate for it.
It’s also not unpleasant. PEP is because it’s a lot of shots, but PReP is just, like, 3.
And, most people pay for their vaccines via insurance.
The flu shot isn’t free.
When vaccinating in India, the rabies jabs were the most expensive by an order of magnitude.
Since most people in the developed world do not live in areas where rabies is endemic and/or where they are frequently in high-risk environments, and they can access the necessary prophylaxis in an emergency, the cost-benefit does not favor pre-exposure vaccination for most people.
Also note that rabies pre-exposure vaccination doesn't last for life. You usually need a booster every year that you remain at high risk.
Did my last round of travel jabs in India. Ended up being less than $200 for everything, including rabies prep, for two people.
As others have noted, this person only had to take the shot. The bat tested positive for rabies and had bit him. It is inexplicable that the shot was declined - to the extent that they should have declared him incompetent and given them by force. Treating a dying rabies victim puts healthcare workers at risk (sharps/needles, etc). There isn't a healthcare policy solution that could have saved this person.
Now, vaccinating host animal populations is another story: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence_of_rabies#Canada
For most folks, the risk/reward ratio just ain't there, to get regular rabies shots.
After you get the first three doses you likely have life-long protection. In fact, when I got mine, I was informed they are not doing the follow-up anymore, because no case of rabies infections after the initial doses, ever.
"Duration of immunity
The relationship between the number of vaccine doses received for vaccination (PrEP or PEP) and the longevity of circulating VNA has been examined in several studies. In one study, 80% of vaccinees still had detect-able VNA titres 9 years after primary vaccination. No significant differences in VNA were observed in association with number of doses of vaccine received or the length of time after primary vaccination.16 Vaccine-induced memory B cells that appear to persist for life, and effective recall of the immune response to additional doses, such as for PEP, are documented for decades after priming."
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272372/WER9...
[1]https://thefactsource.com/switzerland-rabies-epidemic-air-dr...
Currently things are starting to became more complex because we have a new actor coming from the east that is basically an European coyote, the golden jackal and because the 2008 crisis hit hard reintroducing the problem in Greece. Poland had problems with rabies also but vaccination of wild carnivores worked really well when culling failed loudly. Is the way to do it.