A short timeline:
1850 - first telegraph cable laid across the English Channel between England and France.
1858 - first Atlantic telegraph cable between Ireland and Newfoundland.
1866 - first permanently successful Atlantic telegraph cable.
1891 - first telephone cable laid across the English Channel.
1902 - two telegraph cables laid across the Pacific Ocean.
1956 - first telephone cable across the Atlantic.
1988 - first fiber optic cable across the Atlantic.
My cable history website has records of over 2,200 telegraph, telephone and fiber optic cables laid worldwide between 1850 and 2021: https://atlantic-cable.com/Cables/CableTimeLine/index.htm
The front page of the site links to over a thousand individual pages on cable history: https://atlantic-cable.com