- the exit node knows the second-to-last node, the cleartext data and the destination,
- each intermediate node knows the previous and next nodes,
- the entry node knows the sender and the second node.
And using HTTPS prevents the exit node from knowing the cleartext data.
This doesn't enable any individual node to know who sent what to whom, assuming that the whole path isn't entirely controlled by one person.
HTTPS can mitigate some of that, just like it can for VPNs, but the site you're going to is still very much visible.
Don't get me wrong, Tor is a very useful service if anonymity is your goal, but it requires a solid understanding of what can go wrong, which torproject provides a decent list for: https://support.torproject.org/faq/staying-anonymous/
Not in a sense that defeats privacy, since the exit node doesn't know the sender.
With Tor and HTTPS, no Tor node sees the cleartext data, and no node can associate me with the server I'm contacting. That sounds very much private to me.
> https://support.torproject.org/faq/staying-anonymous/
I've read these warnings, but I don't see anything that would defeat privacy if Tor is used correctly.