In 2011 the Iranian oil industry was hit with the Flame malware (they didn't know this at the time), which bulk erased drives of servers and workstations. Due to poor translations it was reported in western media as "Wiper" or "Viper," after the "drive wiping" functionality.
A year later when Saudi Aramco had the drives of tens of thousands of machines wiped (likely by Iran), the press assumed it was related or the work of the same group and also called it "Wiper."
Now it is a generic term for any malware that erases drives, often in a coordinated attack.