If you buy housing all cash the appreciation and rent (net of expenses) could easily hit 9% per year. If you mortgage it you do pay interest which lowers the yield, but also need to factor in the increase in principal, and that the appreciation is net of your down payment + interest, not the entire sticker price (eg a 10% down purchase of a $1m home financed at 3% that appreciates 6% is actually a 30% yield).