Hacker News Reader

Comment by Ericson2314 | Hacker News Reader

All overland passenger transport should be rail. Over the oceans I suppose we should strive for ships and dirigibles.

That said, I find it hard to believe that plane travel can be eradicated for e.g. diplomacy. And frankly, if frequent contract between the powerful different countries is needed to avoid e.g. world wars, it's is worth it.

In the short term, any carbon we can capture needs to go in back in ground and stay there. But once we have good good greenhouse gas levels, much of carbon capture tech can be reused to make biofuels. I guess we can reward ourselves with lots of supersonic air travel then.

View on HN

Air travel has a big PR problem, because somehow a lot of people think it's the absolute worst for the environment. While on many routes a car is worse in terms of CO2 emission per trip than a small to mid sized airliner if there are less than 3 people in the car. Similar for your suggestion that we should take ships over the ocean, because cruise ships are much more polluting per passenger mile than modern airliners.

... and fast fashion is probably worse than both if what I read is correct.

FTR: Years go by between everytime I travel by plane so I don't feel I have anything to defend, I just think it is good to keep the big picture in mind.

Agree, and the airlines absolutely need to keep working to become more climate friendly just like we need to make road travel better.

But climate-shaming specifically air travel while at the same time driving a non-electric car or using air conditioning without having solar panels is very hypocritical because both of those and many other things are a far bigger part of the total emissions.

People insulting others as hypocritical for critizing something needs to stop.

It's not an insult. What you call criticising, climate shaming someone over one activity while engaging in other more polluting activities, is the exact definition of the word hypocrisy:

> Hypocrisy is the practice of engaging in the same behavior or activity for which one criticizes another

> While on many routes a car is worse than a small to mid sized airliner if there are less than 3 people in the car.

I never said cars. Cars are terrible. I would not complained if passenger-only cars were banned everywhere.

> Similar for your suggestion that we should take ships over the ocean, because cruise ships are much more polluting per passenger mile than modern airliners.

There are alternatives like wind power + giant batteries. The fact that weight doesn't matter for ships so much (container ships are more efficient than rail, scaling up is equivalent to shrinking the viscosity of water) opens a lot of doors.

Air travel is generally more energy efficient than trains, beyond a 300-400 mile range, depending on what you're traveling over/through.

Track and right-of-way is a scarce resource with large amounts of embedded energy. The sky, not so much.

That depends on passenger volume. Trains require massive initial investments, but the marginal cost per passenger is very low. Air travel is mostly about marginal costs, and it requires massive infrastructure at endpoints. For example, an aiport serving 50 million passengers/year is two orders of magnitude larger than a railway station with a similar passenger volume. And while the airport would be one of the 30-40 busiest in the world, the railway station would not be particularly noteworthy.

Yea, which is why trains costs are so sensitive to distance- it's massive up front cost is a function of that distance. It's not the stations, it's the rails and right-of-way.

The problem most people ignore is that train marginal-increases max-out at some number of trains per day, before you need an additional set of tracks.

And that happens at a much lower number than most people assume, especially if you're planning on sharing that track with other routes. And even worse if you have to use or cross a freight track.

So not only does efficiency have a min bounds, but also a local-max bounds, where you need a large enough marginal increase to justify the additional rails.

Whereas the airline equivalent is whether to schedule an additional flight. Which is easier to commit to than whether a new track is justified.

>"Whereas the airline equivalent is whether to schedule an additional flight. Which is easier to commit to than whether a new track is justified."

Except many world's biggest airports, like Heathrow, are operating at peak capacity and building another runway at heathrow is expensive, controvertial, involves relocating people's homes and is still a political football

Air still has the advantage- runway is not a function of distance to the destination, and runways are not destination specific.

So it's more appropriate to compare it to part of the station cost, along the lines of another boarding area & track, increasing arrivals and departures.

Train costs are sensitive to sparsely populated regions. As long as there is a sufficiently large city every hour or so, distances don't really matter.

Multi-track railways are common near major cities. They are not that expensive, because adding another set of tracks increases the width of the corridor only marginally.

The airline equivalent of a new set of tracks is building a new runway. Because that's often impossible, landing slots at busy airports have become very valuable. For example, airlines have paid tens of millions for a daily landing slot at Heathrow.

"Multi-track railways are common near major cities. They are not that expensive, because adding another set of tracks increases the width of the corridor only marginally."

About a quarter of all railway passengers in Czechia take the suburban trains around Prague.

We sorely need extra sets of tracks from all directions, because the current tracks are overloaded. Especially the faster trains from other regions do not mix well with the regional trains that stop every 2 km or so.

But it is almost impossible to build those extra sets of tracks in a densely populated major city like Prague. Lots of NIMBYs, the needed land would be very expensive, many buildings would have to be torn down, plus the centre is a protected zone (historical buildings) and the protecting authorities fight tooth and nail against anything that changes the look and feel of the inner city.

As a result, we are stuck with old infrastructure even if new one is sorely needed. There might be a way, namely, to build all the new tracks underground - but that would be very, very expensive.

Do it as subways in a way like the new lines in Barcelona did.

edit: By that I mean something like illustrated here https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnia_9_del_metro_de_Barc...

Make them 15 to 16 meters in diameter to be usable by any train, or use 2 of them side by side. Problem mostly solved.

It can be done, but geology under Prague is terrible. A lot of broken layers with lots of sediments and water.

Our subway system was rather expensive to build and maintain, doing this with trains would probably be too expensive even for a fairly rich city like Prague.

There are some rudimentary plans for railway tunnels under the very center of the city, but the expected cost is eye-watering.

Tap into the limitless cornucopia of the EU. For protecting the historic scenery, cultural heritage, being good for the environment, enabling shorter travel times, supporting tourism, intercultural exchange...

We're in a phase of low interest rates, resulting in easy money politics. Burn some billions before others do ;->

With dedicated track, though, those limits can be quite high. The Yamanote Line in Tokyo carries around 4 million passengers per day on two tracks.

Yes- and imho, that's the way to do it. Make it competitive in terms of time and trouble and cost and usability. But it's still not going to be more energy efficient than air for most situations & destinations.

The key point, though, is that there should be no easy way for individuals to travel beyond 3-400 miles. It simply is not possible, today or in the foreseeable future, to travel this far without outsized environmental impacts.

But...FREEDOM!

Air travel is not a problem because the emissions per kilometer are that bad but because one can easily travel one or two orders of magnitude farther than one usually would.

Exactly. It's not like if you couldn't fly from Los Angeles to New York once a month - you would just drive by yourself - and produce the same amount of carbon.

You wouldn't produce any carbon, because you'd likely never make the trip!

Yes, this is why dealing with air is so tricky in economic terms, because "uninducing demand" does have more intrinsic downsides. Car -> rail is a mere political problem, once you get there it "unlocks" more travel so it is clearly economically good.

I guess thank god for 9/11 boosting security theater. Don't like all the other patriot act garbage, but the degree to which air travel is so awful really helps here.

After 9/11 air travel plateaued for 3–4 years, then afterward rebounded to the original trend line (i.e. massively expanded, and continues to expand).

It doesn’t seem that all of the unpleasant security theater is enough to significantly deter people from flying.

No one its own, but I think it would make a difference had we avoid hsr alternative.

So your preferred solution is to restrict the allowed travel radius of people, a bit like with medieval serfs?

Nobody in this thread has suggested that.

Someone has now: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27725760

Restrictions may not be needed. Remove subsidies and price in externalties.

Most people dont realise that aircraft industry and fsrming use special fuel and pay no tax on it. While it makes sence that we sibsidiae cost of food, it is less clear why we subsidise airlines

> While it makes sence that we sibsidiae cost of food

That's already a thorny subject given that most governments also subsidize food sources that are vastly inefficient and resource-intensive even in cases where reasonable alternatives exist. Meat/dairy producers are still the primary recipients of subsidies in the US and many other countries, at least in Europe.

This number distinguishes between fruit/vegetables and other products, although the article apparently suggests that the use of corn/soy in meat production makes this figure more relevant:

> According to recent studies, the U.S. government spends up to $38 billion each year to subsidize the meat and dairy industries, with less than one percent of that sum allocated to aiding the production of fruits and vegetables.

https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/removing-meat-subsidy-our-cogn...

If intentions are the same then these still can be seen restrictions on mobility.

What a rhetoric device.

Is your preferred solution to let people die in droves to a mass extinction ?

I don’t think it’s necessarily the commenter’s solution but it does seem to be the one the world is going all in on.

What mass extinction? From climate change? Has the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that because I’ve never seen that as a scientific claim.

We are currently going through a well-documented extinction[1]. It's not recent in human terms, but it's been accelerating recently, with industrialization.

Climate change is not the only, nor the major cause in the current extinction, but it contributes. In a way, this is unfortunate: it would be easier to have only one problem.

The relevant body for scientific information is not the IPCC, but the IPBES [2]. Like the IPCC, it releases reports summarizing the situation and its causes [3].

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction

[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Poli...

[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Bi...

My preferred solution is buttloads of nuclear, carbon neutral solutions to liquid fuel (e.g. pulling CH4 out of atmosphere with Sabatier) and general carbon capture.

While producing clean energy would be great, a significant share of our travel issues is related to land use.

Ok, but... airplanes use the least land?

Much like the difference in land use with or without cars is not simply roads and parkings, but also the horizontal development of cities rather than vertical, the land use involved by planes is not simply the airstrips. Among others, it is also all the land developed specifically for vacation in remote places. If you look at [1] for instance, this area would simply not be developed if planes were not a thing.

[1]: https://www.google.com/maps/@21.1715988,-86.8077681,1041m/da...

What is wrong with vacations in remote places?

Maybe encourage more high speed rail instead?

True, but when you start comparing denominators in absolute terms you would also conclude that not traveling at all is the far superior choice. And also, that anything emitter (say, a gas grill) that’s unrelated to travel has infinite emissions per kilometer.

And if we use your co2 per mile approach we can all conclude that a rocket is the way to travel.

People judge these things in terms of how much co2 is emitted by industry, companies, individuals etc. The particular mechanism of emissions is not that relevant. Air ambulance flights are treated differently to private jets carrying bankers.

Why is further travel, per se, the problem?

We coupd sctuallu fly even more efficiently, but slower, with turboprops

There’s a practical maximum amount of thrust to get from a single turboprop engine; to meet performance requirements in the event of the failure of one engine, that puts a practical upper limit on the size of two engine turboprops. Four engine turboprops would likely not be competitive with modern two engine jets, except on the shortest of legs.

Turboprops also fly lower, meaning they’re much more affected by en route weather that turbojets can often climb over. (Low and mid twenties [thousands of feet] is where much of the uncomfortable weather is. Storms that rise into the mid-30s are diverted around by most airplanes.)

Turboprops have their place, but so do jets in air carrier ops.

It looks like the future is a bit of a mashup of a turboprop and turbofan. Check out the efficiency of the Pratt and Whitney geared turbofans. On the A220-100 fuel burn (~3,800 pph) is comparable to a CRJ-900 with 35 more seats in a dual class configuration. That’s quite a leap. I’ll see if I can find someone to compare it to a B717 fuel burn, it’s the same number of seats.

> While on many routes a car is worse in terms of CO2 emission per trip than a small to mid sized airliner if there are less than 3 people in the car.

Wow. I read that one plane trip can increase your carbon footprint by a greater magnitude than all your typical actions to reduce it.

Does anyone know where to find some data?

EDIT: Here's some data https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49349566

https://theicct.org/blogs/staff/planes-trains-and-automobile...

Also, planes have other problems:

* cars can be powered by carbon-free energy. There's not much current prospect for planes.

* planes also do great harm from non-CO2 emissions: "The climate effect of non-CO2 emissions from aviation is much greater than the equivalent from other modes of transport, as these non-CO2 greenhouse gases formed at higher altitudes persist for longer than at the surface and also have a stronger warming potential"

Jet engines are pretty robust to fuel quality within broad ranges. Atmospheric CO2 to a carbon-neutral jet fuel is technically possible now. (I don’t think it competes economically with Jet-A/kerosene/diesel at the moment.)

On the the other hand commercial air travel is one of the safest means of travel. If you wanted to optimize for safety you would take a scheduled flight to your destination than go by road.

Ah, well. You think so. But would that hold up if traveling by air so much more, for so many shorter trips? What could go wrong?

Unless we dramatically increase vacation time or dramatically increase rail speeds, that would mean that many people would not be able to see their families and friends or travel to events.

If we had high-speed rail everywhere at 300km/h you can cross almost any country overnight, that radius of 3600km would give you 80% of all plane travel.

Thank you, and great username for the clarification :).

At energy and cost levels that exceed airline travel, per passenger-mile.

Do you have a citation for that?

Quick Googling doesn't reveal any obvious authoritative answers (but a ton of guessing and unsubstantiated claims). The most authoritative/unbiased source seems to be this Wikipedia article:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport

But the head-to-head comparisons are mostly gaps when it comes to trains, and the sections on trains and planes are in completely different families of units that makes comparison extremely non-trivial. :(

It was covered in a sustainable engineering class I took.

There's not much generic into about it because every rail route proposal is different, even between the same destinations. Depends a lot on geography and what's already there.

You basically need to do a full Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for each route.

Sometimes they're included in the EIS for a proposed project. That's prob the best place to start.

But there's a reason most of the rail routes that keep getting proposed in the US are regional. Track and right-of-way is expensive, in both dollars and energy. Even moreso with high speed, where you need grade-seperated crossings and long, wide turns.

Most people think track is shareable or reusable, but the real world limits to track capacity (trains per day) makes economies of scale difficult to implement.

I posted it elsewhere, but the practical limit for non-high-speed rail is 300-400 miles, before airplanes start to make more sense.

High speed is difficult to even estimate, since we don't have much here to base it on.

China has more high-speed than the rest of the world combined, with even remote parts of China hooked up to the rail network.

And when you compare energy, you have to take into account that Rail is already electric, powered directly by grid without batteries or any other efficiency loss in between.

Airplanes use fuel that takes a lot of energy to refine and deliver, and will at best use hydrogen in 15 years which is 40% efficient to produce, plus losses in compression, delivery, engine, etc.

I'm not against it. But it's usually not more energy efficient. Life Cycle Analysis takes all the inefficiencies you mention into account, down to the zip code, and includes thing like present and future mix of electrical generation.

Doing it because China is, isn't really a reason.

You can take into account electrifying rail, but it doesn't really change much. This all gets taken into account.

>other efficiency loss in between.

The grid has plenty of inefficiencies, especially if we have to start designing beyond capacity to account for intermittent sources. But electricity's main inefficiency is in its creation.

LCAs take all of this into account. It's the whole purpose of doing one. Embedded energy involved in manufacture, refining, transport, everything, is all added up based on things like location and present and/or future inputs.

One of the reasons why China built such a network so fast is the top-down structure of the state. If the authorities decide to build something just across your neighbourhood, you are in no position to challenge them.

Although I like trains, I wouldn't want to live in such society.

Thanks. Is there at least some kind of super-elementary comparison?

E.g. energy consumption per-passenger-mile for a fully occupied Japanese bullet train while moving at maximum speed, versus for a fully occupied Boeing 737 at cruising altitude?

Obviously there are a million other factors, like takeoffs and landings, and trains stopping, as well as fuel vs electric, but wondering about even just the most basic operation.

Absolutely not. 300 kph HSR rail exists in developed countries.

(2680 miles) / (300 kilometers per hour) = 14.3768064 hours

That's coast to coast in ~ 1/2 day.

Ships and blimps represent a much larger decrease in travel time over airplanes than rail. They perhaps pose a to be solved, but rail doesn't.

And you can go ecen faster

>"TGV called V150 holds the record for the highest speed on any national rail system - it hit a whopping 357.2 mph "

Probably not during normal operations. IIRC they put more mechanical tension on the overhead catenary, also more voltage on it, and used slightly larger wheels. That was more of testing the absolute limits of what you can do with that sort of system, materials- and mechanics-wise.

Yeah, but that is only from one part of the coast to one part. You would have to have so many lines to connect all the cities.

Yes, but even if we double the time estimate, I don't think that's prohibitively slow.

Only with the many day duration to traverse oceans eihtou planes do I get worried.

You do need favorable terrain for that speed. Much of western US is not exactly flat, so the costs to build this will definitely not be cheap. More likely something slower and a multi-day trip.

I’d still consider a say 48h trip from SoCal to NYC provided I could work over wifi, but otherwise it’s really a nonstarter.

Don’t look at a geographic district map, look at a topographical map. Or does the solution include a tunnel connecting Eastern Colorado with San Francisco?

Well, in a plane trip you have 3 lost hours before it starts and after it ends, so a normal train, running at 130km/h will be faster than a plane at 850km/h for any trip of less than ~460km.

If you make it a fast train, at 350km/h, it will beat the plane on any trip up to 1700km.

Most trips are short, so no, most trips can be done by train and people still spend less time on them than by plane.

I live in Southern California, with family in Kansas, Wisconsin, and New York. The closest one is 2500kms away. The longest is almost 5000kms A train would take a lot longer than a plane.

Even more than just the distance, though, is the fact that there would be no practical way to have direct rail lines to every major city in the US.

Trains are useful, but there is no way they could replace air travel in the US.

Well, if there was no air travel, rail lines everywhere would likely be practical... again.

If trains could go 250km/h on average, that 5000km trip would take 20 hours - that's plausible for an overnight trip, leave 6pm, arrive 10am. A flight over this is distance is probably a much more stressful red eye.

Sure this is quite speculative, but perhaps less so than hyperloop dreams, or supersonic aircraft that somehow have no environmental impact.

6 PM to 10 AM is only 16 hours. Even with 3 time zones, you’d only be at 19 hours. 250kph straight line equivalent is unlikely given the terrain in the way (Rocky Mountains, primarily).

Tonnels, we are made massive ones through the alps in europe

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel

Gotthard is impressive, but it took the Swiss 17 years to build it. Nearby, Brenner Base Tunnel is under construction between Italy and Austria, and it is expected to take 25 years to complete.

I can't imagine how long would it take to tunnel through the Rockies. Look at the map, they are far wider than the Alps. Getting through the Rockies is like getting from Denmark to Croatia.

Better get started soon then! Once you make a tonnel, it stays there forever, it's a good investment

Indeed, if we want tunnels to make a rail network cross the Rockies, we had really better get started, since you'd need 5 east-west routes to make trains practical ("less impractical"?) to cross the Rockies. No one is going to take an additional 1000 mile (7+ hour) diversion north-south to pass through a tunnel to repeat that north-south diversion on the other side.

Use the Army Corps of Engineers, Navy Sea Bees, something like that. Look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikan_Tunnel going between islands under the Japan Seas in an earthquake area.

Think BIGGRRRR! (Aggressively so, instead of sissying around!)

edit: also not to forget about 'Nuclear Tunnel Boring Machines/Subterrene' https://havacuppahemlock1.blogspot.com/2015/06/nuclear-power...

cf. "Trans-Planetary Subway Systems

A Burgeoning Capability

by Robert M. Salter

February 1978"

https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P6092.html

China built tens of thousands of km of high speed rail for 350km/h. Largely using prefab elevated tracks, with occasional tunnels.

Again it’s difficult, but possible if a replacement for air travel was considered a necessity.

That seems a strange argument… yes, if we didn’t have planes, trains would be our best option… but it would be a much worse experience. 20 hours is a lot longer than the 5 it takes me to fly to New York.

If there was no air travel, I would just travel a lot less. If you want to argue that the environmental cost of air travel is too great to allow it to happen is one thing, but done act like it wouldn’t make the travel experience a lot worse.

I'd like to see a graph of miles flown per year by decile.

internet foo

Found this. As I suspected, hockey stick graph.

https://news.gallup.com/poll/1579/airlines.aspx

Half the people in the US don't fly at all. 25% fly 1-2 times a year. People that don't fly at all, and people that fly 1-2 times year. Probably wouldn't be much impacted if they had to take a high speed train instead of a plane.

It’s not a strange argument. Read the discussion again, which starts with the thesis

> All overland passenger transport should be rail.

Then it was claimed that this is impossible. My argument is saying it’s possible to have rail replace rail, for example if air travel was severely restricted.

> I live in Southern California, with family in Kansas, Wisconsin, and New York. The closest one is 2500kms away. The longest is almost 5000kms A train would take a lot longer than a plane.

Perhaps people/families have spread themselves all over the continent because in the past energy has been 'too cheap' (i.e., didn't price in externalities).

With carbon pricing people may make different decisions in how far they want to travel from their 'home town', and what that would mean for seeing family.

>95% of the population of the US (and CA) are people who moved across an ocean and had basically zero expectation of seeing their families once they left. The only communication would be letters, telegraphs, and later trans-oceanic telephone calls.

Given the realities of climate change, and what it's cost us with regards to damage to the planet, expectations need to adjust.

Travel is extremely economically important, especially for the poor.

Living in a poor, rural county with poor schools and few jobs can really mess things up.

Someone I know is getting divorced.

She was a very high earner who moved to a low-cost of living, low wage area to be with her husbands family.

She had previously earned very high wages, but took a significant pay cut to live with in-laws.

As the divorce is concluding, she realizing that the terms of the divorce prohibit her from taking the kids out of state.

Which means until her kids are 18, she’s effectively trapped in a market where her MS in Engineering gets her a job at Walmart.

She had previously worked for a major firm in New York, and then worked for a the local government until she had to resign.

So she’s basically screwed.

Plenty of people have skills and credentials that can only be used with relocation. A MA in Journalism isn’t very helpful outside big cities.

> Travel is extremely economically important, especially for the poor.

"Travel" or "movement"?

I am the first generation to be born in the country I live in. When my (grand)parents left, they left under the assumption that there would be no, or maybe very little, chance of going back to the Old Country. They took a boat over the course of many weeks to traverse an ocean; an era before cheap air travel.

When people move in the future, to hopefully have a better life than where they current are, it may be that they may not be able to go back (as easily) to where they came from.

The fact that we can now travel back and forth cheaply over great distances could simply be a temporary blip in human history, and we should perhaps consider this era could be ending. You can still move, but it will be more 'permanent' going forward, and travel is will be less frequent/easy/cheap/etc.

Unless you can move your entire family, then movement implies travel at least twice a year in the US.

> […] then movement implies travel at least twice a year in the US.

Under the current regime of 'cheap' travel in which the externalities of climate change are probably not taken into account.

Why? Building a community, grass roots style, on the net...fight the right. Righten the flight. Show where to go with flow. Make it glow...

/me hypes the loop...

Yes, you are not on that "most" category. (But that 2500km is close to it, so trains may still be more comfortable.)

to be fair, even for short trips trains require a minimum passenger flux before it's more efficient than planes. So even strictly talking about carbon emissions, trains are a net loss for most trajectories, but a large gain for most passengers.

I don’t lose 6 hours on a typical airline trip. Domestic, I tend to arrive around an hour before gate close time. International from the US, about 90 minutes. For a train, I’d still plan on a 30 minute safety buffer (to protect against en route delays to the station). Add another 30 minutes over the train for boarding, push, and taxi. So, I’m probably giving up an hour plus/minus however closer the train station is vs the airport.

Arriving, baggage claim rarely takes more than 30 minutes. (Delta “guarantees” 20 minutes on domestic flights.) With no checked bags, it’s the 10 minute walk through the airport and then plus/minus ground transport differences vs the train.

I can’t imagine that most people are spotting the train a 6 hour head-start, unless the live upstairs from the train station and are extremely nervous about missing their flight.

Of course it depends, but train stations tend to be in the center of a city, so you start from the center of A and arrive to the center of B.

With planes, airports are way off the city centre, I think that there are few airports (here in Europe) serving large cities that can be reached in less than 1 hour from the city centre, and that applies to both A and B, to this you add, unless you use a private means of transportation (car-taxi), a half an hour for the timetable of the bus or train you need to take to/from the airport, as it won't necessarily be synchronized with your flight departure/arrival.

Uhm, arriving about 9:00AM at Hamburg Airport

[1] https://openstreetmap.de/karte.html?zoom=11&lat=53.61524&lon...

visiting

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Messe_und_Congress

you'd take

[3] https://geofox.hvv.de/jsf/home.seam?execute=true&date=05.07....

I see no problem here.

(edit: WHAT?)

That kinda implies you leave and go to the city centre each time, which might not be the case. Living next to a major train station is usually very expensive. If you're visiting family in the suburbs, you might be closer to the airport than the city centre (or be "unlucky" and have the airport on the other side of the city). It sounds pretty situational to me.

The numbers on my comment are for 3 hours, not 6. (Yeah, the text is not very clear on that.)

Yes, and for longer trips, besides the high speed trains, there are (were) also night trains, but for some reasons most of them were canceled (and/or the prices became less and less competitive), an old thread about this:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19557848

Maybe they will start to organize a few more of these trains, the level of stress was so much lower on (overnight) trains when compared to planes when moving in Europe.

That trend of canceling them seems to be in reversal, at least a bit. https://www.nightjet.com/en/reiseziele

Most travel is business. Business events mostly don't require travel as we saw this year.

And without business travellers many or even most flights wouldn't be financially viable.

Yes, and that is not a great prospect.

however, it's going to happen regardless, since this way of living is not sustainable. The only choice that is ours is whether we prefer to anticipate this change and build a decent alternative, or whether we prefer to have it inflicted on us.

It would mean many people wouldn't choose to live flying distance from their families in the first place and they would go to local events, and people would connect more with local community.

The trouble is that we've all organized our lives around fast air travel and it's hard to unring that bell. I might not interviewed at a tech company in SF and then moved out from Pennsylvania if I knew that every journey back to see my parents would take 5 days each way by train. Many of us have close relationships scattered across long distances, which was less true before the advent of affordable air travel.

One could imagine submerged floating rail tunnels for going over the oceans by rail. Say about 30 to 50 meters deep to be isolated from the weather, not disturbing the remaining shipping. Also usable as sensor platform, carrier for fiber optics. And enabler for floating cities, resorts, aqua-, wind-, and wave-farms out there.

Reply on news.ycombinator.com