You can find same chips (=same function) made for consumer electronics, automative, aeronautic and military, all with different temperature and humidity ranges. I'm not sure about mobile phone CPUs/SoCs, but automotive equipment is a lot more resilient to voltage spikes well above the normal 12-14V.
However, since most phones are relative water resistant now, a good option is to use evaporative effects to cool them down. You could also dig a hole in the earth to find cooler temps and dissipate heat that way.
Fortunately, I had seen this before in undergraduate physics lab, the day our LCD experiment was interrupted by the room thermostat breaking, sending the temp > 100F. The nice thing about LCDs is that the crystals reform when it cools. All you have to do is wait. Probably works for most modern phone displays.