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The "h" is necessary to indicate there is no liaison with the previous word and the "d" is an indication that that derivative words use a non-silent "d" (like "hasardeux").

according to wiktionary, they both originate from Arabic اَلزَّهْر‎ (az-zahr, “the dice”).

Just like Latin where Spanish "aleatorio" comes from: alea = dice.

Caesar's famous words "alea jacta est" = "dice has been thrown".

As another linguistic point, in Bulgarian 'зар' means dice

Zar in Balkan languages – it exists in e.g. Romanian and Albanian as well – is an Ottoman-era loanword from Turkish, which in turn borrowed it from Perso-Arabic (i.e. possibly directly from Arabic, but more likely through Persian mediation).

Huh, "azar" also means "illness" in Marathi (आजार), although that's not on the Wiktionary page. Coincidence or is it a loanword in Marathi as well?