In the sense that "to our surprise" identifies "us" with identity and agency, it is.
How would you describe this difference, otherwise?
How would you describe this difference, otherwise?
Active: To our surprise, they had left the door open.
Passive: To our surprise, the door had been left open.
"...was conducted" suggests no information about the conductor. It could be the author, and in the specific context of an academic paper it implies the author, but it could just as well be anyone else on Earth especially outside of this context.
"Surprisingly" (or "the results were a surprise," etc.), on the other hand, doesn't leave anything to the imagination. I can't think of a way this word could potentially mean that another party but the author was surprised.
Passive voice could hide the party responsible for surprising someone (active "Alice surprised Bob" becomes passive "Bob was surprised"), but in the original scenario, the party causing the surprise (the subject, which could be hidden by passive voice), is the experiment. The surprised party is the direct object, not the subject... passive voice is not a term to describe hiding the direct object; that's transitive versus intransitive.
My question was: If we prefer not to use the word 'passive' to describe this difference, what should it be called instead?
To an agent: "To our surprise, we found them. To our surprise, group A was found by us first."
To a patient: "To our surprise, they found us. To our surprise, we were found by group A."
To neither: "To our surprise, group A found group B. To our surprise, group B was found by group A."
I suppose "to our surprise" is explicit about whose expectations weren't met in a way that "surprisingly" is not. But in a first-person narrative, I imagine most readers would understand "surprisingly" to mean "to my/our surprise."
There is an intended agent experiencing surprise, and we might under some circumstances agree that we know who the agent is (just as we expect that "the experiment was conducted" by the author as researcher).
But, technically, the agent is obscured and not written, so we can't be completely certain about the writer's intent. Maybe Rosalind Franklin conducted the experiment: we are only led to infer that the author was responsible.
Personally, I generally understand "Surprisingly," to mean "An attentive reader should now be surprised that...".
There's an expectation of general surprise relative to an earlier claim in the text; the writer assumes the reader will be surprised (whether or not the writer was truthfully surprised). I find myself annoyed by this style, whenever I am unsurprised.
What do you mean by "intended agent"? "Agent" has a common definition in linguistics, and an agent is only an agent in the context of a verb, not an overarching narrative. The same referent can be an agent in one sentence but not the next: "We hid. To our surprise we were found by group A." "Group A" is the only agent in the second sentence.
There may be other definitions of "agent" in other contexts, but we're talking about grammatical voice here.
The passive voice is quite simple: the grammatical subject is filled by the patient or theme of a clause, not e.g. the agent. There are many use cases for the passive voice apart from obfuscation, and obfuscation is hardly a necessary result.
I might call "surprisingly" in your interpretation a weasel word in the broad sense. The inference is that the author wants the reader to take up an attitude but is not being forthright about it.
Of course some passive clauses may be weaselly in their own right, but the passive voice is not weaselly by definition.
The Wikipedia definition of English passive voice is more instructive: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_passive_voice .
The term distinguishes between sentences where the semantic agent is the syntactic subject, and those where it is the object.
For example: "Bob threw a ball at Suzie" (active, Bob is the syntactic subject) vs. "A ball was thrown at Suzie by Bob" (passive, Bob is the object of a preposition and "a ball" is the subject).