Horse and buggy is more sustainable than either ICE or EV. It's about the most efficient way to convert the power of the sun into forward movement!
Very inefficient, and the difference is several orders of magnitude.
A horse needs 2-40 acres of land: https://horses.extension.org/how-much-land-do-i-need-for-a-h...
Photovoltaic panels can generate 500 kilowatts on 2 acres. Tesla's V3 supersharger is 250 kilowatt, adds 170 miles in 15 minutes of charging.
If the sun is shining for 6 hours, photovoltaic panels on 2 acres charge Teslas to drive 8000 miles. For a horse, the figure is like 40 miles per day.
Edit: You can also do multi-level agriculture, unlike solar panels
They take 4 years to produce. They eat a lot during that time, that's a lot of energy.
Horses include some weird minerals too (copper, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, strontium, chromium, selenium), biologists call them "microelements".
> unlike solar panels
Same with solar panels: https://cleantechnica.com/2020/11/19/solar-panels-agricultur...