Imagine someone designing a bridge. They predict that the weakest point is X, and that the bridge could therefore best be strengthened by strengthening X. But the reasoning is complex, so someone builds a model (or a simulation, or...) and stresses it until it breaks. If it broke at X, then the design was a success.
A different kind of example: I once owned (or my wife did...) a food processor, which if you weren't around back then, is cannister with a motorized blade. A part that connected the motor shaft to the blade broke. I took it to the place with the repair parts (this was before the internet), and was told this part frequently failed. I asked why they didn't make it stronger. The reply: if it was too strong to fail, then when you were chopping something that was too hard for the processor, either the motor would burn out, which would be expensive to fix, or the blades would snap, which could be dangerous. The engineer therefore included a relatively frail part to serve as the cheap and safe failure point.