Back before GPS became common, I had an idea for a navigation aid that would also be useful for things like lane assist and would not be affected much by weather. I have no idea if this would be feasible.
The idea is that when paving a road, mix a whole lot of passive RFID tags into the paving material. By a whole lot, I mean that every square meter of road should have a dozen or two tags. The tag IDs do not have to recorded in advance, and there is no need for any systematic ID assignment. Just order a bazillion tags with random IDs and dump 'em into the road.
Then afterwards you send vehicles over the road that have readers than can gather data to make a database of what tags are in what lanes of what roads, and where. The where part just needs to be the distance along the road from some reference point.
That data gathering can be done by paying commercial vehicles to install and use the readers.
The idea was to then make the data available to the general public. You could then make car navigation systems (remember, this was pre-GPS) that could read the tags in the road, consult the database, and figure out that they are on road X and they are Y meters from the reference point of that road.
You could also continue to pay commercial vehicles to gather and report data. By comparing that data with previous data, you might be able to detect damage to the road. For example, if a pothole develops, that should lead to a loss of some tags, which should show up in the data.