In most cases, what you are looking for is a language server like `clangd` (works for most compilers) [1].
You can find a Language Server Protocol implementation for your editor at [2] (I don't think it lists __all__ clients, but it should include the most popular ones).
EDIT: I realized that this is a vague answer, so let me clarify.
An LSP implementation (especially clangd) provides actions like `go-to definition` or `find references` that you would find in full-featured IDEs like CLion (which is also amazing BTW). Since you mentioned vim, I am guessing you use it and don't necessarily want to let go of the hand-crafted vimrc you have created. Adding an LSP plugin to Vim is incredibly easy and gives you these "IDE" features with customizable mappings.