This incident occurred because (a) people with large amounts of bitcoin do not always store them securely, and (b) the bitcoin market is very small, and therefore can be destabilised by relatively small amounts of money (a few million dollars, for instance).
It will take a long time for normal people to understand the implications of the cryptographic backing of bitcoins. Even quite a few people here don't "get it"
There is no authority needed to enforce these natural laws just as there is no authority needed to enforce gravity, it is a force of nature, public key cryptography relies upon mathematics which is also a force of nature. If the math is incorrect the system is insecure, failing that no authority is required to uphold the mathematical dogma of public key cryptography lest faith in the system be compromised. You're working from a set of premises and assumptions that simply do not apply here.
These laws do not require enforcement by an authority;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_science
Read this for a primer on public key cryptography;
The police act as a deterrent, and make it more difficult to offload stolen bitcoins without being caught.
http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=752262 (shame can't see the vote counts on this one any more)