It's probably not implemented as closely as what you described but check out Europe, this small continent across the pond and the tech scene in the smaller countries.

For example Estonia has had famously and online identity stuff linked via a federal ID (in europe there are more republics then federations so it's easier to manage country-wise) [0] [1]

Or more familiar to me with a bigger sample is a movement in Poland which is gaining popularity - mojeID (myID) which is a Single Sign On system with major banks as providers (they really regligiously check the identities when you open a bank account) or the statebacked login.gov. The mojeID system allows other entities to use your actual identity as an authentication factor without having to keep that much data and pose risks - for example an online alcohol shop can verify the age. [2] [3]

[0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_identity_card

[1]: https://e-estonia.com/solutions/e-identity/id-card/

[2]: https://www.kir.pl/en/administration/mojeid/

[3]: https://www.mojeid.pl/#zastosowanie