It should be noted, given some replies, that this is a historical document and should probably not be taken as as a productivity "How-To" for any budding industrialist.

In particular, the (empirical) answer and, for most, refutation of Taylor's scientific management tenets came relative soon - from the Hawthorne studies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect

which - among many other movements - led the diametrically opposed Human-Relations approach.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_relations_movement

and, considering the wider area of management of economics, the "Carnegie school" approach led by scholars like March, Simon and Cyert - expanding upon the classical assumptions of profit maximization and rational actors in economics and management.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_School

Naturally, organization theory in sociology was similarly affected, where Scientific Management relates to a "Weberian" view of bureaucracy.