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The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World by William D Nordhaus, 2018 Nobel laureate for economics and professor at Yale. He makes a compelling argument that market mechanisms, such as a carbon tax or cap-and-trade, is the most effective way to reduce carbon emissions. I now understand why the majority of economists agree with this approach.

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That was written in a time when slowly reducing emissions seemed a plausible approach. Given that we've pumped way more carbon into the sky since it was written, with no deceleration, and the climate is already undulating dangerously, most of these proposals are outdated. If we want a livable planet we need to phase out carbon immediately. The IPCC said that shooting for 2030 would only give us a 2/3 chance of staying near 1.5°C of heating.

What are some of the most innovative applications that aid the development of a carbon market that you've seen?

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