English++ Project (2008)
englishplusplus.jcj.uj.edu.pl
englishplusplus.jcj.uj.edu.pl
It turns out just to be a book for learning English, but written by Polish computer scientists. Sounds interesting. I'm glad I never had to learn English as a foreign language though.
For reference, English is one of the standard examples supporting the theory that languages which are learned by a lot of adults become simpler and easier to learn over time. (The other standards being Latin, Mandarin Chinese, and Swahili.)
The implication is that if you did need to learn a foreign language, English is one of the easiest ones.
There are a number of (well sourced) posts on linguistics.stackexchange dealing with a different question, if language complexity varies, i.e. if a language could be simpler per se, which is chiefly denied. Any simplification in one part of the grammar will lead to an increase of complexity in another part.
In other words, I believe the grandparent comment cited common wisdom with a bit of folk believe. There is just no way to measure this precisely, since it is of course subjective.
No, this is an active theory in linguistics.
> The degree and specificity of morphological encoding can reach astounding levels. For example, Karok—a language of N.W. California—has morphological suffixes for forms of containment pa:θ-kirih ‘‘throw into fire’’, pa:θ-kurih ‘‘throw into water’’, pa:θ-ruprih ‘‘throw in through a solid’’ (the affixes are unrelated to the lexemes for water, fire, etc.)
> Clearly, such elaboration does not arise from communicative necessity. Researchers have long been puzzled by the reasons why some languages abound in such overspecification, while others (sometimes closely related ones) eschew it.
> For example, in comparing English and German we find that where the surface structures of English and German contrast, English is less specified, leaving more to context, thus, ‘‘...German speakers are forced to make certain semantic distinctions which can regularly be left unspecified in English’’, p. 28). For example, German obligatorily specifies the direction of motion in the place adverbs here/there/where. Compare: hier/her; dort/hin; wo/wohin. English can specify direction using to and from (‘‘where to’’ versus ‘‘where from’’), but such specification is optional and is generally omitted
(Note that "where to" and "where from" were expressed in older varieties of English as the words whither and whence.)
That paper does cite What Happened to English? ( https://sci-hub.se/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/jour... ), which is more directly on the topic of "English is simpler than any other Germanic language".
An easy example is that classical Latin and Greek have roughly equivalent noun declension systems. A noun has 5 cases in Greek and 6 in Latin.
Here in the modern day, Greek still has noun cases, but Latin doesn't. Why?
> Latin and Mandarin are both very difficult to learn as a second language
It is common (for example, it is the official opinion of the US government) to say that Mandarin is an extremely difficult language to learn. However, this claim almost always refers to the writing system, which is not part of the language at all. Learning to read and write Mandarin in the traditional style is difficult. Learning to speak Mandarin is, by this hypothesis, easy.
What I think has helped me a lot learning English, is just how ubiquitous it is and how easy it is to find resources that align with your other life interests to make it feel less like "learning".
I probably learned half of my basic English as a kid, not trough school, but with Magic The Gathering cards (once I learned they are valued higher than the translated ones), MS-DOS, 80s/90s action movies and bit later Terry Pratchett books. Others learned trough reading English instruction manuals, watching NBA, music lyrics, etc.
For other language it was much harder to find resources outside of traditional educational approaches. Which are useful and important as well, but they lack immersion.
I am kind of disappointed that it isn't!
// trying to develop
some[] = style.point-free.
using (
relative ( clauses [applicative] )
)
;
the self referentiality quickly leads to self-modifying code & do-monad ( some++ )
so I return to declaritive if-then-else for (;_;)
I am trying to cultivate a point free style, which uses clauses, which are relative clauses, which take adaptive functions as callback parameters
On the bright side Flash is just being used as a player for static mp3's referenced in the HTML, so you can just open the files by yourself.
> In the English++ project a foreign language is naturally English and a specific purpose is the field of computer science.
I actually might spend time time reading this. I'm a native English speaker, but it covers a lot of computer at a high level in a way that's very easy to understand.
Basically, for people learning a foreign language, those learning often need to learn a _specific subdomain_ of the language. If you're a computer science student, there's a lot of English you need to know there that you would not find in a general ESL (English as a Second Language) course.
This is an English textbook for computer science students. It contains standard learning-English components, such as short essays on topics followed by questions to demonstrate understanding, but all those topics are around computer science.