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So non-obvious (by the PTO's standards, or even by some wise person's standards) mathematics should be patentable?

No. Because the law is perfectly clear on this point. Algorithms cannot be patented.

computer code is 'just' an algorithm. that is simply true. if algorithms cannot be patented then neither can computer code.

data structures?

huh? they contain data. unless you are claiming that the presence of this:

struct twiggle { int t; }

somehow makes patenting the code that uses it a sensible idea?