Traditionally, academic research has been funded by NASA and the Department of Defense. Under these contexts (space transport, war, etc.), the cost of a runtime failure is extremely high, counted in number of human lives or billions of dollars. Also, throughout history, most software was written once, shipped, then used. The possibility of a hotfix was practically impossible. This is where the adage that "the earlier a bug is detected, the cheaper it is to fix" came from.
In those contexts, this is absolutely true. If you're in space, and your software decides to vent your oxygen, you're screwed. And so it makes sense to invent all kinds of static compiler checks that try to eliminate all possible bugs. Type-checking, for example, can guarantee the elimination of an entire class of problems.
However, what if your context were different? What if your context was a web startup?
Suddenly, the cost of a runtime failure is not so high. With a simple drop-in plugin like Hoptoad, I can be notified of an error, diagnose, fix, and deploy oftentimes before the user can even email me describing what problem he/she had.
In fact, it's much worse than that. As you said, "dynamic typing doesn't restore the modularity- it simply delays checking for violations". This delayed checking for violations has extreme value in the startup context.
Take, for instance, yesterday's post: Show HN: Hacker News Instant (3 hour project) http://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2621144 If you were one of the first to try it, it wasn't long before you realized that typing a space in your search threw the app into an infinite loop, making it unusable. But I think a simple comment in the discussion thread summed it up perfectly: "I don't think the bug makes it any less noteworthy".
The fact that the author could create a prototype -- a minimum viable product -- in just 3 hours, meant that he could post it on HN and get feedback on it. He could get an idea of whether the app was worth pursuing... or better off scrapping to pursue something else.
In the startup context, you can think of writing software as sketching. You just write enough code to convey to people what your product is and how it can help them. The code may be completely broken, calling functions that don't even exist. It doesn't matter. If no one ever tries to use some specific edge case of one specific feature (or hell, your entire product), that code will never be needed. And so, the fact that it doesn't make sense, doesn't matter.
By checking for as many kinds of "violations" as possible early in the development process, you're forcing the developers to spend time making it all right from the start -- before release. In the space shuttle context, a runtime failure may have critical consequences. But in the startup context, failure to release on time may have critical consequences. Releasing before your competitor may make or break your entire business. Or maybe it's your personal project and life gets in the way and you just end up never releasing at all. Personally, a lot of the joy I get out of making software, is seeing people I know benefit from using it. But if I don't see that, I'm much more likely to give up on it entirely.
People say that when a bug is found, you have to fix it, regardless of whether you're doing static or dynamic checking. They then conclude that it's a no-brainer that you'd rather have this happen sooner than later. But no one ever talks about the cost of fixing bugs. Fixing everything up front, the way static checking forces you to do, unnecessarily increases your costs if that feature eventually gets scrapped. And in startups, this happens all the time.
In the startup context, there is often an excess of good ideas. The problem is, you don't know which one will be the jackpot and you only have enough time and money to pursue a small handful of them. One approach is to do a rough sketch of as many ideas as you can, see which ones start to get traction, and then flesh out the finer details on the ones that do. The ones that don't get traction are scrapped.
Now, if you were using a tool that said every part of your program must make sense and be free of violations before you can run it, you would have spent all that time fixing bugs in features (and possibly entire projects) that no one ever used. The opportunity cost of this is you were not implementing 10 other great ideas. On the other hand, if you were using tools that allowed bugs to be present along-side working code, you would be free to choose when to polish something when it was a priority to you.
Also, in government-funded projects for the space program, you essentially have all the time and funding you could want from the start. Your goal is to use that funding to eliminate all possible runtime errors, possibly pushing back the release to do as much of this as possible. For the most part, it's okay. You'll just get more funding.
However, in the startup world, it's the exact opposite. If you're a poor developer trying to make it big, you have no money now. But if you can prove your app is valuable and can make lots of money, then and only then will investors consider giving you money for it. Before funding, you're lucky if you have one full-time developer. Only after funding, when the project has to have already proven itself, do you have the funds to pay the developers you need to stomp out all the bugs.
It's not that static is better than dynamic or dynamic is better than static. It all depends on what you're doing. You have to choose what makes sense for what you're doing in the context you're doing it in.
The idealist in me wants to eliminate all bugs in code I write before release. And even more so in the code other people write. I totally get that. But the pragmatist in me (which only developed after having to write real production code for a real startup that pays my actual bills) knows that sometimes it makes sense to choose to not fix bugs. Static checks tell me "no, fix them now". Dynamic checks empower me to choose what I need.