It's not even close to as handy as QUERY (in ease of use or intuitiveness), but they also recently introduced FILTER[2]. Which can be used in combination with other functions to replicate a subset of QUERY use cases.
My pet list of functions that have me reaching for Sheets are the regex ones[3][4][5]. Excel's search and replace functions support basic wildcards[6], but anything more sophisticated than that quickly becomes infeasible, impractical, or impossible to replicate using Excel function built-ins and requires dropping writing into Javascript or VBA to write up a custom function.
That said, Excel has had a pretty nifty and powerful ETL tool hidden inside of it for the past ~7 years called Power Query[7]. This is essentially an entire app-within-an-app (and is a data processing engine in many Microsoft data products), complete with it's own programming language[8] and compressed columnar data store format. For anyone with a development background, you can easily ramp up on Power Query's language and do 90% of the work you need to do there, and obviate the need for complicated and fragile formulas to begin with.
[1] https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/guidelines-and-ex...
[2] https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/filter-function-f...
[3] https://support.google.com/docs/answer/3098244
[4] https://support.google.com/docs/answer/3098292
[5] https://support.google.com/docs/answer/3098245
[6] https://support.microsoft.com/en-ie/office/using-wildcard-ch...
[7] https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/getting-started-w...