IMO a manager's productivity is measured based on how well their team performs(or how well they present their team's productivity) and this article provides an approach on how to do so.
It’s turtles all the way up.
I actually think that one’s compensation is correlated to how ambiguous the job duties are and how hard it is to measure success, given employment.
Stuff that’s easy to measure gets commoditized. Stuff that’s hard to measure, but still important is hard to staff, creates risk and is easy to mitigate with money.