Good government is hard, but it's certainly better than a corporation that is legally obligated to put profit ahead of anything else.
There is no legal obligation to maximize shareholder value.
The shareholders want profit maximised, and with that end, decide upon the board of directors, who decide upon the CEO. If the CEO does not maximise profits, the CEO will not remain the CEO. Therefore, the CEOs of (publicly-traded) companies are obliged to maximise profits – those who do not feel such an obligation are not CEOs.
I do believe that there are people who claim that companies have that legal obligation, which is what you said you’d not observed.
And if you think it's bad now, it's going to get dramatically worse yet. The largest groups that make up the US today, that dominate its politics and culture, have absolutely nothing in common with eachother and will grow further apart as the years pass. The rancor will get much worse. The populism will get worse. The end result is obvious and unavoidable (and I'm not talking about civil war, that's a redneck fantasy; it's tyranny, oppression, endless strife, and ever worsening dysfunction as the Feds try to contain the unspooling and get ever more paranoid).
Like it or not, there's always going to be some powerful entity who you cannot escape because it rules the land. The only question is what shape you want that entity to have. Accountability matters, and so democracy is generally a good place to start.
Also "exhausts their budget every fiscal quarter and successfully demands more" applies just as much to corporate projects. And given we gov agencies rarely can solve the whole problem, why expect them not to exhaust their budget?
This may or may not include specified behaviors, tasks, growth, marketing, sales, profits, goods, services, employees, competitors, etc.
Even corporations without any shareholders are common, found in the non-profit sector, but you do need corporate officers regardless.
Would it be better if there were a couple non-profit corporations with one or two million employees each the size of Amazon or Wal-Mart, to go along with what we have now?
I don't know if this is true, but you'll only talk past each other if you don't acknowledge it.