I think it was Ben Graham who said the markets can remain irrational longer than you can remain solvent.
Perhaps you mean he could buy a higher priced call.
Opening a spread would make you a ton of money for sure, but seems unlikely one would be sold.
Can you expand on this? Why would they be on the line for $20k+ (or anything) after selling the option?
Not just when the option expires. You can be assigned anytime after you sell an option.
Correct me if wrong, but my understanding with Robinhood is that you Sell to Close (by default anyway), which just goes back into the market. No further obligation?
If you sell an option, you Sell to Open. If you want to buy it back (at a profit/loss and you're not assigned), you Buy to Close which goes back into the market and closes your position. If you are assigned (i.e. the buyer of your option exercises his right to buy 100 shares at the strike price), you have no option other than to buy those shares at market price if you don't have any and deliver it to the option buyer.