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PEP 590[1] makes calling callables less expensive. It was finalized for Python 3.9.

[1] https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0590/

That sounds promising, thanks!

It's been a while since I knew those kinds of details, but it certainly been the case in the past.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22893139/why-is-a-functi...

Yes, I suspect it is a pitfall of a multi-paradigm language that cannot assume so much about code in order to optimize. Opinionated functional languages (ie clojure, haskell) can have a lot more guarantees about what is going on in order to optimize all those function calls, lexical bindings, etc.

There's a bunch of oddities in Python, e.g. recursion limits.

They have to check a recursion limit, for one.