C# in Depth does exactly what you need, starts from C# 2.0 and cover all new features added in newer versions. https://www.manning.com/books/c-sharp-in-depth-fourth-editio...

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/tutorials/ Has a pretty decent set of tutorials and docs, from basics of the language to nice descriptions of new features like record types or new nullable reference type approach. Not sure about any books, I strongly prefer to just read through 'What's new in C# X' articles every time a new version comes out.

Essential C# 8.0 - hands down. It is awesome both for beginners and experts. I've read it once, and keep it handy for reference. It's written by some of the most knowledgeable people there are on C#/.NET. I have also read one of the Head First C# books, and found it lacking once I got past the basics.

There's plenty of online resources to learn C#, starting with https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/dotnet/

If you'd rather have a book, and enjoy the Head First series, the 4th edition of Head First C# will be released on the 26th: https://www.amazon.com/Head-First-Learners-Real-World-Progra...

The official "Programming Guide" is very nice: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-g.... The docs in general are quite good.

I’d recommend “Functional Programming in C#” to supplement your main reference material.