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Comment by rolph | Hacker News Reader

>> Completely false. Unless the immune system has been exposed to something similar before (e.g. SARS/MERS n.b. made up example I have no idea if the spikes of SARS or MERS are molecularly similar enough), no adjuvant means situation normal for the immune system. If there is nothing to signal to the immune system that this new antigen is bad then it will treat it as neutral suppressing any vaccine response, which is worse that if the vaccine had not been delivered at all. <<

This is Completely false.

Natural immunity does not require adjuvent.

spreading out a scarce valuable resource by use of adjuvent is a standard practice.

ANY complex not recognized by the MHC will elicit an invader response, the immediate vigor of this response is attenuated by inclusion of adjuvent in the final formulation of the vaccine. we would all die 100% of the time if adjuvent was required to mount immune response, to infection.

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Natural immunity requires activation of the innate immune system by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as dsRNA, LPS or peptidoglycan. One role adjuvants play is to mimic these PAMPs.

thats right it is a way of stimulating the immune system to action. The problem is that some mistakenly believe that a synthetic adjuvent is required for a vaccine and it is not. the adjuvent increases the gain so that you can use a faint signal- that means less mRNA has to go into a vaccine that means this expensive little molecule can be used for many more doses instead of one enormous dose of high concentration, as mentioned before if we needed adjuvents for immunity of any sort we would not be here.

the substances you are mentioning are features of live pathogens and are being mimicked by adjuvents.

Nope, you're the one who's wrong. What nicwilson said is exactly right. Without an adjuvant, unless the vaccine itself happens to stimulate innate immunity, this would end up inducing immunological tolerance.

It is true that if you have a strong adjuvant, you could get away with smaller doses of the antigen, which is good for pandemic vaccines.

Source: Charles Janeway, "Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology," http://symposium.cshlp.org/content/54/1.long

P.S. I wrote a COVID adjuvant grant this past spring, and my mother studies immunological tolerance. So if you disagree can you at least share some sources?

the fact that i am still alive, the fact that people survive infection and produce antibodies are salient.

you are wrong, and its right in front of you.

please tell me about KNO3

please tell me about priming and boosting.

please tell me about innate humoral response, and cell mediated response.

i see you are still a student.

once again vaccines are not obligated to adjuvents

adjuvents increase the response to a signal allowing a weaker signal to evoke a response of threshold level.

the economic and practical bounds incurred by the expense of the immunogenic product are offset by thus exploiting, the biological property of amplification we can spread out the materials to make many more doses of vaccine requireing fewer "boost" dosages.

the big angle to work is the lack of cytoplasmic Vir-mRNA of immunogenic character. the current S protien production system is a get it shipping now product, with more work we can produce a sequence that stimulates cytoplasmic processes also involved in the induction of primary immune response.

the current sequence doesnt do that.

have a look here and see where this is heading :

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27252702/

Interferon production at scale is tedious to say the least, it is superior to induce in vivo interferon dynamics, along with immunogenic antigen translation.

Ah, I had assumed you were talking about the vaccine immune response.

> we would all die 100% of the time if adjuvent was required to mount immune response, to infection.

Indeed, but it is required for a vaccine to function properly.

no, it is not, it is required for a vaccine to be economicaly efficient, and to maximize benefit with minimized expenditure

without adjuvent many vaccines would need much greater concentration of the antigen producing component.

by inducing an attenuated response, using an adjuvent, you can manufacture many more doses of the vaccine using less mRNA in each dose.

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