By comparison, the Moderna is making a RNA vaccine, and BioNTech an epitope vaccine (the actual protein).
The ‘invasive’ effect is decreasing in that order. Oxford’s ChAdOx1 infects your cells to create RNA, then protein, then T-cell recognition/apoptosis, then epitopes trigger B-cell antibody production. Moderna RNA skips the infection part. BioNTech epitopes go right to B-cells.
But, they also have deceasing stability and manufacturing scalability in that order.