Ubuntu (a quite a few other distros) can be made to run entirely from RAM (that's how the LiveCDs actually work). It's probably not as easy to configure are Puppy or Tinycore, but it's possible.
https://askubuntu.com/questions/829917/can-i-boot-a-live-usb...
I'm pretty sure you can't boot into an Ubuntu live disk, detach the usb, and keep using the system without any errors or loss of functionality.
I used to have a flash drive with GRUB installed, and several "Live CD" ISOs. It would have two options per ISO: the second would copy the squashfs to a ramdisk before boot.
Tinycore is especially great when you don't have USB3 available, because you don't have to wait minutes for >1GB of data to be copied to RAM.