Hey, another Haskeller here!
> There where at least two other replies talking about accumulators. I call that pattern, like it or not.
It's true that you use this way of programming so often in functional languages that it earned itself a name, so that it's easier to talk about it. However calling it a 'pattern' feels weird (to me), even though it technically is one.
The equivalent of accumulators in imperative languages would be the 'pattern' of having some variables outside of the loop and mutating them from within the loop. Maybe you can appreciate that it feels weird calling this a 'pattern' — and now you can better understand how I feel about accumulators being called a pattern.
Skipping back to your original question: I write Haskell for living and teach two high-school classes in another functional language, and the only two 'patterns' regarding recursion I can think of are accumulators and mutual recursion. So, you know almost everything there is to know already! :-) [0]
Let me add that you use recursion very rarely in day-to-day programming; mostly you try to spare yourself writing the recursion explicitly and you instead use map, filter and foldr/foldl (sometimes called reduce) to do the recursion for you. Especially the folds are super-powerful (AFAIK you can write any recursive function using folds, should you wish to do so), and often under-appreciated.
> Haskell is a genius language but I don't like the community
IMHO the community around Haskell is (in general) great; the people are always eager to help. I'm a self-learned Haskeller and I couldn't have done it without the community. Come join us at r/haskell or the IRC and see for yourself :-)
[0]: Why do I say this? I remember my old days when I was learning Swift and encountered one new design pattern every day. Factory, Facade, ... I decided to get 'em all (why reinvent the wheel?), I was always anxious that I was coding something that could be better served by a ready-made design pattern. So I just wanted to let you know it's nothing like this with recursion, and that you can save yourself the anxiety (if you are anything like me).