Scala 3.0.0-M1
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No other conventional language (including OCaml, F#, etc) seem to have the effortless kind of power Scala does.
The combination of the extremely powerful type system with the "OOFP" paradigm is a great combination. OOFP is such a great paradigm and it's unfortunate that no other language has embraced it.
It's ironic that I love Scala so much because I don't particularly enjoy dealing with the JVM and all its complexities and problem. But Scala is so good that it mostly makes up for it.
Scala does get a lot of hate (especially around here), but I've never really understood why. There's only one language I like more (kdb+/q), but that's a hard sell, especially because of the cost.
Too bad there's not really a ML/AI ecosystem around (besides Spark, which seems to be losing favor partially because of its embarrassing performance), because using Python is such a drag. However, I do understand why non-CS/type theory people might find the language intimidating.
But to that I'd say, I've seen new junior (though very smart) developers with no Scala or FP experience get onboarded and write idiomatic Scala code within a couple weeks to a month. The short term cost is more than worth it considering the absurd productivity compared to Java/Kotlin/Python/blublang.
Compared to OCaml/F#/Haskell, the improvement is a little less stark, though still clear imo (especially when considering editor tooling and available packages).
I'd rather use Kotlin.
Just give it a couple of more years.
One of my favourite examples: of these 13 different ways of doing the same thing, only 12 are correct. https://nurkiewicz.github.io/talks/2014/scalar/#/22
E.g. lisp: use whichever type of parentheses you want
Or Kotlin: use short syntax lambdas fruits.filter(it == apple) or long syntax fruits.filter(fruit -> fruit == apple) or with annotated types: fruits.filter{fruit: Fruit -> fruit == apple}
Sometimes brevity is good for the reader, sometimes more details are good for the reader. Not everything is a nail.
And in Scala there are not only many different ways to use the standard libraries or to structure your code, there is a pure FP vs OOP-style FP schism as well. Because of this, you can qualify as a senior Scala developer for one job but only a junior in another.
But if I write code for a team, then in some places I will use explicit type annotations and variable names to aid people unfamiliar with the code to understand what's going on.
What you are saying is pretty much "it's easier when everyone only uses nails, because then all I have to bring is a hammer". I think it's good to use screws sometimes.
However, your second point I agree with. OOP vs. FP is a different story. This is about paradigms not about mere syntax. So here, a team must be aligned, which can be a challange when using Scala. It's not a language for corporate drones.
Yeah, Scala makes it possible to write cryptic DSLs. I just don't use libraries that do that, but there are not many such libraries anymore anyways, that was mostly abused in the early days of Scala. Now, 15 years later, that's almost non-existing anymore.
But not having symbolic characters in method names is just horrible. Here is Java code that calculates some datetime:
LocalDateTime started = LocalDateTime.parse("2018-03-22T19:00:00")
LocalDateTime finished = start.plus(Duration.ofMinutes(30)).plus(Duration.ofMinutes(15).multipliedBy(4)).plus(Duration.ofSeconds(45)).plus(Duration.ofMinutes(4).multipliedBy(3)).plus(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
val started = LocalDateTime.parse("2018-03-22T19:00:00")
val finished = start + 30.minutes + 4 * 15.minutes + 45.seconds + 3 * 4.minutes + 30.seconds
I agree that "+" looks better than ".plus" but this is a matter of taste (hello Ada).
Yes, I use Scala at work but I can't call myself a seasoned Scala dev, true. On the other hand, just every expert in this or that language will always have a counterargument for you and a solution to the problem. Because he IS an expert! The thing is, not all people are experts or even will be. Most people want a tool that doesn't get in your way, easy to pick up and deliver the results. That is why Python is so popular despite being slow, inefficient and basically a glue for C/C++ libraries. Hell, even for interfacing with C Python loses to Lua. But all these shortcomings didn't matter in the end. Python2 → Python3 didn't kill the language either. I am afraid Scala's error margin is not as big.
And yeah, you are totally right. Most people indeed choose the way of the least resistance and don't want to spend much time learning a language - for good reasons. Scala will never be as popular as Python or Javascript. It is a language for people that are ready to invest more time and dedication to get a higher productivity after some time. Not everyone wants to do that and many people find it too hard. I think the Scala community knows that. :)
Your second argument is true, Scala is a big language, and there are three main paradigms: better Java, OOP+FP, and pure FP. It's similar to how C++ is used, for some people is just like C with some improvements, but there are people using lots of C++ features.
Yes, there are different code styles you can use with Scala (standard vs infix notation, parens vs braces, etc) but all of that can be standardized with code formatting tools.
In terms of FP vs OO style I don't think that is different for any other language. No matter which programming language you choose you have to make decisions about what sort of patterns you want to use in which scenario and enforce that across the team. I have seen many Java projects where a relatively small codebase has approximately every GoF pattern implemented somewhere (and a few novel patterns just for good measure).
I was in many failed or semi-failed projects and code style was never the problem. Yes, people do use slightly different styles, but style is really easy to enforce - there are tools to do it automatically. And even if somebody misplaces a brace or writes `map(_.length)` instead of `map(x => x.length)` this doesn't impact the readability as long people in your team know the language. If a project fails to meet the deadline because of the code style it is not because of people using different styles but because of developers bikeshedding about the code style in code reviews instead of doing real work.
This doesn't quite answer your question, but, the Python community takes seriously the idea of There's Only One Way To Do It, as part of their philosophy on complexity.
But is python really so good? I'm not a heavy python user, but there are loops and list comprehensions and map. There are also optional type annotations now, should you always use them, or not? How about "a is b" or "a != b"? How about environments and build tools...
I think that go might have been a better model student.
How to do data structures:
1. just put everything ad-hoc into a dict or a list (the "PHP" way :D) 2. use a namedtuple 3. define a class 4. define a dataclass (preferred) but works only if your Python version is recent enough
In Scala? Just use case classes and this is the only recommended way (#1 is very impractical so noone does that, #2 doesn't exist, #3 possible, but impractical when you have #4 in all versions).
How to map a collection in Python? - Start from an empty one and add mapped items in a loop - Use map + lambda - Use list comprehension - Update all items in place with a loop
Is it really any better than in Scala?
if(x) true
if(x)
true
if(x) (true)
if(x) {true}
if(x) {
true
}
if(x)
{
true
}
For the curious. The combinations follow out of fairly simple rules:
() and {} are interchangeable for expressions - altough {} can contain multiple statements and () only an expression.
x op y is equivalent to x.op(y)
Type abscriptions - x : Type - are optional and will be inferred if possible
{ case ... } is the pattern match construct and works similarly to a function with 1 parameter.Scala is now mature enough that some issues have emerged. Typeclasses are cool, but programming typeclasses in Scala is a bit clunky. The type system is very powerful, but it could be even more powerful and that would actually help people write simpler code. And there are a bunch of unused features that could be removed. This is what Scala 3 is about.
Scala is a very powerful, very expressive language. There are some features which you can just choose to leave out. If you do, you end up with a very clean, concise, and powerful language that makes you really productive.
I've literally had moments where I made my algorithm 5x faster just by adding 4 letters: '.par' in front of an operation. Instantly it got parallelized without my having to do anything, and the processing time got cut 5x.
You CAN write bad and hairy scala code just like you can in any language. But that doesn’t mean the language is to blame.
This is something that really surprised me, because "one obvious way " was announced to be a part of Zen of Python.
The implicits are gone, for example. Kinda crazy, since it was Scala's banner feature for so long. For the primary use-cases of implicits (extensions, type classes, conversion, ...) there are now language level concepts to make these use-cases accessible.
"Intent over mechanism" I think Martin calls it.
...but the tooling, at least at that time, was terrible. SBT was terribly overcomplicated, and full of foot-guns. I spent far too much time debugging dependency collisions, issues created by so-called "autoplugins" and other nuances that had nothing to do with getting real work done.
Now I'm writing a lot of Go. I'll admit, it's not nearly as fun to write. There's a lot less creativity and expressiveness -- though I think this is probably a good thing. But it also feels like I'm getting a lot more stuff done, and the tooling is amazing.
Now I'm using Kotlin. While a miss a more advanced Scala feature from time to time, I feel more productive because I don't have to think so much about the language itself. And Kotlin is much easier to introduce, plus the tooling is way better.
J? It's not quite the same, but is OSS.
Compared to what? If you mean engines like Presto, I would say they have different use cases, plus Spark SQL puts them roughly in the same ballpark. Genuinely curious though, as a Spark user that is always interested in alternatives.
Even if Spark might not be the best tool for ML, it is still the tool to beat for data processing and custom ETL.
It's an extremely unproductive language because it's too flexible. There are so many different ways to do the same thing which introduces unnecessary complexity.
Scala is, first and foremost an OO language which embraces subtyping, class hierarchies and imperative programming, see for example its own collections library. As Java gets more and more FP features, there is a danger it will struggle to differentiate itself.
Functional programming is about programming with immutability first. So OOFP is about immutable objects. I go even further to say it is about objects with immutable interfaces, but the implementations can be imperative as long as encapsulation hides the mutable aspects from the user of the object. This is what you see in Scala's collections library: we use mutability inside the implementation but we expose an immutable API.
I gave an entire talk on that very topic at Scala Italy in 2019: https://vimeo.com/362001027
I completely agree with this. So perhaps I am being rather hard on Scala.
Decompiling a Scala .class file shows just how true this is.
I think it's not that bad. Sure, it loses to Python, but that's some tough competition.
Personally, I find that smile[1] covers most use cases. Breeze[2] also has a lot of love, but I'm not much of a fan of the `UFunc` abstraction.
I'm also really excited about polynote[3]. It's still a bit green and only supports Scala 2.11/2.12, but it's such a joy to be able to use Scala in notebooks :). You also get Python interop, in case you need to use some specific python library.
P.S.: I hope that Scala's ML/AI libraries other than Spark keep growing, because "embarassing" is a nice way to describe it's performance on everything that's not a "really-huge dataset".
1: https://github.com/haifengl/smile 2: https://github.com/scalanlp/breeze 3: https://github.com/polynote/polynote
I have not see more unproductive language than Scala.
Syntax aside I find Scala code hard to read due to how much implicitness it allows which stems from its "do FP or die" attitude which is again, weird for a language designed to incorporate both OOP and FP. Should I mention that in this regard D does a better job at serving the both worlds?
And finally, which threw me off completely is a real world case where we had to implement a word-entropy based algorithm to process tons of textual data and it appeared to be not much faster than a Python version despite all the optimization we tried to do. Scala is fast but there are many faster languages including Java itself. Considering the fact that its compiling times force you to leave your seat for a cup of coffee, you'd rather think of investing into another hard FP friendly language like Rust which simply has a wider applicability area. But yeah, this is all speculative but if you are thinking about what next language to pick up, these things start to matter.
Where Scala fits nicely is a small team which needs to build some business logic on top of the existing Java backend stack quickly and have a reliable working system. This is where it really shines. Scala provides a nice layer for JVM devs who have a soft spot for FP, safe and elegant solutions.
E.g. "arr.customlyFiltered()" is easy to do. Or even easier "arr.filter(myCustomFilter)". If something doesn't work out for you, please feel free to use e.g. scalafiddle.io and make it example, then you will be helped! :)
Scala is indeed not a high performant language. It is as fast as Java and compiles as fast as Java if you only use Java's features. However, then why use Scala in the beginning?
Scala is great for writing very maintainable and reusable code, especially with a big team and a lot of business logic. It is also great to "glue" things together like you can do it with Python. For these things it has more than sufficient performance in my opinion.
"def myFun(a: String, b: Double): Boolean = {...}" and then "obj.mapValues.myFun.forall(_)" or just anything similar.
And yes, Scala is exactly the language when you need safe and maintainable code with far less unit tests required than in Java. But you have to invest into it and sometimes it is simply not worth it. The Scala2 to Scala3 migration situation makes things even worse unfortunately.
This was just an example. It's not about filter at all but the general method chaining.
Here is example from D if I must:
real[] fun(int[] arr) {
return arr.map!(a => a.to!double / PI).array;
}
void main()
{
int[] arr = 100.iota.array; // [0, 1, 2, 3, ...]
real[] newArr = arr.map!(a=> a*2).array.fun); // [0, 0.63662, 1.27324, ...]
}
// Need to define this once somewhere in your project
implicit class TrushExtension[A](anything: A) {
def |>[B](function: A => B) = function(anything)
}
// Your application code
def fun(arr: Iterable[Int]) = arr.map(_.toDouble / Math.PI)
val arr = 0 to 100
val newArr = arr.map(_*2) |> fun
newArr.foreach(println) // prints 0, 0.63662, 1.27324, ...
This is maybe not exactly as convenient, but it comes pretty close.
"someA.someB.someC" becomes "someA |> someB |> someC".
"foo |> bar |> baz" just visually parses easier than "foo pipe bar pipe baz"
val t1 = MyType()
def fun(t: MyType, argument: Int) = argument
// can't do this yet
// t1.fun(42)
// In Scala 2 you use an implicit class to add methods to a type
implicit class MyEnrichedType(t: MyType) {
def fun(argument: Int) = fun(t, argument)
}
// In Scala 3 you use an extension
extension (t: MyType)
def fun(argument: Int) = fun(t, argument)
// now it can be done
t.fun(42)
Rejecting all kinds of implicits and then complaining about Scala missing features is a bit unfair. "Implicit"is a single keyword, but not a single feature. Implicit arguments, implicit conversions and implicit classes are not the same thing. Fortunately, Scala 3 will clear this misunderstanding.
val myFun = (a: String, b: Int) => b % 2 == 0
List("a" -> 1, "b" -> 2, "c" -> 3).map(myFun.tupled).forall(identity) // false
List("a" -> 2, "b" -> 4, "c" -> 6).map(myFun.tupled).forall(identity) // true
And it will be even easier in Scala 3, where this pattern is coded into an even simpler feature: extensions.
It's a bit cumbersome and not very use-case oriented (mechanism over intention) and so Scala 3 has introduced extension methods[0].
This gives you exactly what you want.
Since Scala 3 is pretty much completely backwards compatible (and with the use of Tasty you can use Scala 3 code in Scala 2.x projects), so I don't see the migration as a big problem. The Scala team has spent a lot of work to make the transition as painless as possible.
[0] https://dotty.epfl.ch/docs/reference/contextual/extension-me...
Part of the release testing is building the community release[0], which is a large part of the relevant Scala F/OSS code out there.
Whether you consider that to be production ready you have to decide for yourself, I myself am pretty happy about it.
Keep in mind that for now Scala 2 style code will still be compiled and you can use existing Scala 2 code in your Scala 3 project. The migration should be pretty smooth.
FYI Aaron Turon did their PhD on Concurrency+Scala, and ended up leading the Rust core team for more than enough years.
Rust is a great language but that's a pretty insane statement. The ecosystem is still tiny compared to the JVM.
However, I must say that Rust is also a very productive and quite powerful language (albeit IMHO not as powerful as Scala) and Scala is actually not that bad at performance either - probably better than a vast majority of other languages out there (albeit not as powerful as Rust or C++).
As far as ecosystems are considered - this is really hard to say. Rust has the whole C (and most of C++) ecosystem at hand plus a few really amazing Rust solutions like Cargo. Scala is limited mostly to JVM and JS, which are great ecosystems, but it is not true they offer everything. And there are still some caveats when using Java tools with Scala (e.g. profilers, debuggers or build systems).
No, it's not. You can call native (C) functions from the JVM.
That said; nowadays you have the Native and JS runtimes as possible targets as well. Scala.js works surprisingly good with very few caveats.
And I have no problem with the JVM interop. As long as you don't try to write Scala libraries that need to be consumed by Java applications, everything just works really.
Scala on a well-tuned JVM can reach much lower latency than you might think. Yes, in theory you'll hit a limit that Rust could help you go beyond. In practice, are you ever going to reach that limit?
Rust's embedded support is mostly theoretical at this point, and the use cases for old-school embedded are increasingly limited. Want to write some code for that cheap off-the-shelf SoC you bought? Scala is probably a perfectly good option, because it's probably an ARM with at least 1Gb of RAM and the JVM will run there just fine. If you're actually writing something that has to run for months off a single charge then yeah, Scala won't cut it whereas Rust may one day be able to. But most "embedded" these days isn't like that.
Kotlin doesn't bring anything new and is full of ad-hoc design decisions, and Java itself is catching up (and even potentially surpassing it, see pattern matching for instance). I don't think it's a huge threat. Sure you'll see people who didn't really understand the point of Scala move to Kotlin because they just wanted a better Java really, and Kotlin does that well. But I think it's been clear that Scala shouldn't try to pursue this goal, for the past 5 years at least, after the hype around Spark cooled off.
I'm happy that Scala 3 is focusing on the biggest pain points. I'm also quite happy with the resources that have been added behind the tooling and ecosystem lately. The Scala center wouldn't exist if there wasn't a real demand for improvements in the mid to long-term future.
This is not the case in a codebase split into multiple modules that compile in parallel.
There are some puzzling omissions though.
For example slice method is missing step. Coming from heavy data munging Python this really bites. Sure would be nice to have some syntactic sugar for slice.
Some seemingly simple tasks have no one way of solving them.
Let's take parsing JSON. Trivial in Python, painful in Scala. (almost the reverse in Python which has painful XML parsing and Scala's built in support for XML)
So far the easiest JSON library has been Li Haoyi's uPickle: https://www.lihaoyi.com/post/HowtoworkwithJSONinScala.html
Still, it does not parse JSON where objects have uknown arbitrary value types. Arbitrary value types are extremely common in real life JSON.
Due to pattern matching you see people suggesting you write your own parser! Sure it can be done, but then the next thing you'll be rolling your own crypto...
> Still, it does not parse JSON where objects have uknown arbitrary value types. Arbitrary value types are extremely common in real life JSON.
Looks like ujson, which the article you point to talks about, is what you're looking for. uPickle is a layer on top of ujson for statically typed stuff, but ujson is working with raw JSON values, of arbitrary types.
`ujson.Value` is in chapter 8.1.1. of your excellent Hands-On Scala book I've bought.
Turns out for arbitrary JSON you can do this:
val rawData = read[ujson.Value](JSONstring)
val todoData = read[Seq[Map[String,ujson.Value]]](todoJSON)* Generally a more clean language for everyday use, codifying existing patterns like newtypes (opaque types), typeclass derivation and extension methods
* Improved type inference & lots of other quality of life improvements
* A macro system based on the idea of multi-stage programming. This has a lot of potential for improving both type-safety and performance. An example: beating existing database systems query optimization with ~500 lines of Scala code [1]
* TASTY, a new intermediate representation (AST) for artifacts. This means that Scala will have a much better version upgrade / binary compatibility story in the future. (e.g. TASTY is used for facilitating 2.13 <-> 3.0 bi-direction upgrade!)
* Significant compile time improvements over Scala2 alraedy[2] (and we're only at M1 release)!
Scala has already been a wonderful language to work with professionally with many great tooling (linting, automatic migration, 2 good OSS IDEs), and I think Scala 3 will certainly push the state-of-the-art forward in many departments in the coming years.
[1]:https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/rompf/papers/rompf-icfp15.pd...
[2]: https://twitter.com/not_xuwei_k/status/1323643312230772737
Does anyone share this experience?
So far it’s going okay. But I personally am surprised at how disinterested most folks are in learning anything new.
same here, we don't do Scala but it's basically impossible to get people here to learn something new. Introducing a new language (like Scala,F# etc) would be impossible.
A secret ulterior motive of mine was that Scala has bad support for Spring. Every other Java service at the company uses Spring, and I abhor it, so if I can drive adoption of Scala on my team then we can avoid Spring and also provide pressure to make all our shared JVM libs Spring-agnostic (which I believe is a good move in general).
But I am interested to learn more. Do you know any good resources?
- enthusiasts who will stay with scala
- others who think they should have used kotlin/java from the beginning.
The latter camp is bigger and growing.
I mean, if Rust had higher-kinded types, and the established library ecosystem, and the IDE support that Scala does, then I'd move to Rust too. But it doesn't. When you have a large codebase and need to manage cross-cutting concerns, the only thing that can do that as well as Scala does except Haskell (or more obscure options like Idris), and the state of Haskell tooling is miles behind Scala. I'm not attached to Scala for Scala's sake, but it's still my first choice.
But then Kotlin, Ceylon, Clojure and others started to steal it's thunder and now it's just "one of the pack".
In fact, I'd say Java itself has stolen back from all those other languages to a large extent, with its language enhancements since v8.
Clojure is a nice, expressive, dynamic language that is really great for messing with arbitrarily-shaped data.
Java is a workhorse language that has been powering businesses small and large for decades.
Kotlin is a modern spin on Java, and the degree to which they share functionality (with differing or identical semantics) over time will be interesting.
And then Scala exists for all your meta-type-wankery needs.
It seems natural that Kotlin/Java would be most popular over time, with Clojure and Scala hanging out with small amounts of market share.
I'm skeptical, because the cost to migrate is big. But I'm hopeful, because Scala is a language I like to write code in.
Edit: why am I skeptical? I know scala 3 is largely meant to be backwards compatible. But scala has always been a language of many styles ("java without semicolon" vs "haskell compiled with scalac"). All this new syntax in scala three adds a whole new dimension to this issue.
Kotlin is chaining itself to Android, it will rule there thanks to Google's sponsorship, on everything else it is just yet another language to chose from with a weaker eco-system, used to sell InteliJ licenses.
Where are the Groovy, Scala, Clojure support nowadays?
I think that's actually reversing as Kotlin and Java diverge. E.g. interop with Java Optionals is very easy in Scala (and they obviously correspond directly to Scala Options) whereas it's harder to make them fit with Kotlin nullable types. And Kotlin's "suspend functions" are unlike anything else and mean you have to understand a concept of "inline" that changes the semantics of the function it applies to; e.g. calling a Java function that takes a callback from an async function is straightforward in Scala, but not so much in Kotlin.
Though IntelliJ has amazing features for Java/Kotlin: it comes with a free version that packs most of 'm. I think saying it's all to sell licenses is a disingenious, lots of longstanding Java pain points get addressed by Kotlin in a really nice way. It has a really strong webdev ecosys building up, and comes with a rather interesting feature set as language itself. I'd say its good "typed Ruby" (OO at the core, FP where it makes sense, very expressive, dont type too much).
Scala's issues on the other hand stem, I think, from it being multi-paradigm. Where Kotlin is OO-core with FP where it makes sense, Scala is both OO and FP at the same time which makes it messy.
Frege explored being full FP on the JVM, but looking at the repo[0] it did not get much traction.
> Kotlin support for VSCode or other IDEs is not on the roadmap for the Kotlin team. Community initiatives in this respect are welcome.
-- https://kotlinlang.org/roadmap.html
> The next thing is also fairly straightforward: we expect Kotlin to drive the sales of IntelliJ IDEA. We’re working on a new language, but we do not plan to replace the entire ecosystem of libraries that have been built for the JVM. So you’re likely to keep using Spring and Hibernate, or other similar frameworks, in your projects built with Kotlin. And while the development tools for Kotlin itself are going to be free and open-source, the support for the enterprise development frameworks and tools will remain part of IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate, the commercial version of the IDE. And of course the framework support will be fully integrated with Kotlin.
-- https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2011/08/why-jetbrains-need...
There is some legal stuff going on as well: Java was being monetized by Oracle and Google needed a way out. This helps Kotlin a lot imho. When then free-Java case totally lost, Google allows all to move to Kotlin and IntelliJ has the code translator tool (and will prolly get bought by Google at some point).
The Java ecosystem has dozens of JVM implementations. None of them have ever had a problem with either Sun or Oracle.
Only Microsoft with their J++, and Google with their actions fragmenting the ecosystem for Java developers.
Microsoft learned their lesson and are now a OpenJDK contributor.
Time will come for Google as well.
Switching to Kotlin doesn't remove the dependency on the Java world, unless they plan to rewrite everything in Kotlin/Native.
The python 2 to 3 transition took well over a decade. You have similar discussions in what remains of the Perl community around v5 and v6. IMHO what Oracle has been doing with Java in recent years is impressive in the sense that they provide a credible upgrade path and put a lot of effort into that while still adding non trivial new language features. But it has a price of added complexity or compromises with new features and unfortunate legacy features that are not going to way. Javascript and typescript have the same issue. Javascript has a lot of weird legacy features and typescript preserves backward compatibility with that weirdness and attempts to engineers around that.
I'm currently using Kotlin across Android and Server (mostly) with an intention to also use it on IOS and Web very soon. Its multi-platform capability is increasingly a good selling point and I love how that ecosystem is booming in the last year/months. I'm definitely an early adopter of multi-platform but this seems to be one of those things where it seems like a bet worth making at this point.
Kotlin is of course a much younger language so it does not have a lot of legacy yet burdening it. Yet, Jetbrains seems to be good at managing new features while minimizing disruption, dealing with necessary deprecations, and generally not breaking compatibility. Their experience as tool makers gives them a unique edge over a lot of other languages.
Arguably Kotlin emerged as a rejection of Scala to replace Java by Jetbrains: they considered it and dismissed it as an option and then embarked on a journey to create their own language. I think the success of the language (relative to Scala) seems to indicate that that wasn't a bad choice. Scala intended to do many of the same things but it just never caught on with people actually doing those things to the extent that Kotlin seems to be catching on. The transition from Java to Kotlin is a lot less of a hard sell than the transition to Scala was. Though I know plenty of people that stubbornly stick with Java still. Of course early adoption in the Android community was a big deal. But then you could argue that that same opportunity was there for Scala to take and I don't think much serious effort ever was put in that notion. The need for something else than Java was quite big there and a big driver for this. All Kotlin did was provide a credible upgrade path to Java developers and the Android community jumped on it because it was easy to switch and obviously better. You see the same happening in the Spring community which is increasingly Kotlin centric.
Meanwhile Scala seems to be bleeding mind-share to more pure (for lack of a better word) languages Crystal, Elixir, etc. or more system oriented languages like Rust, or indeed Kotlin. It's a bit of a repeat of what happened to the Ruby community a few years ago. Certain types of people were very passionate about that language for a while and then moved on.
The Scala team is keenly aware. Scala 3 can use Scala 2.13 libraries - in fact the 3.0 stdlib is the exact same .jar as the 2.13 stdlib - and a future version of 2.13 will be able to use scala 3 artifacts as long as it doesn't use 3+ only language features.
More details at https://scalacenter.github.io/scala-3-migration-guide/docs/c...
Note that most things you'd need macros for in 2.13 have language support in 3, so for user code - if that even uses macros at all - the upgrade path is fairly straightforward.
For more information see https://scalacenter.github.io/scala-3-migration-guide/docs/c...
https://dotty.epfl.ch/docs/reference/other-new-features/inde...
There was quite some debate on this, going on strong.
I would accept it, if they would decide to drop the traditional syntax. But adding yet another style, just for the sake of it, is waste of resources (of the Scala creators and Scala users).
There is a good article about the "strangeness budget" of languages, and I think that Scala doesn't spend it wisely. https://steveklabnik.com/writing/the-language-strangeness-bu...
62 years old, going strong.
I'm not even in the java ecosystem but Scala strikes me as the most likely language to do something fresh and interesting on top of an existing ecosystem in the next few years, which is terrific news.
Scala 3 looks pretty good, but I just can NOT see myself using Scala again, after having worked with it for 4-5 years at work and on personal projects. I write mostly/reasonably FP code without using Cats/Category theory. I’ve recently moved all my code from Scala to Kotlin and I’m loving it, found the perfect balance with Kotlin.
Hu? There are plenty of alternatives to the pure FP ecosystem.
HTTP: Dispatch, Requests-Scala, literally any Java client if that's still too FP for you
JSON: uPickle, Play JSON, or simply Jackson
DB: ScalikeJDBC. Quill and Slick do a lot more but are not particularly die-hard FP either.
For learning Scala, I am trying to re-write it using play framework. Case classes do offer reduction in boiler plate code. But write now feeling overwhelmed about how to map all this deep inheritance tree, factories etc. from OOP world to functional way of doing things.
I hope someone write side by side mapping of doing things in Scala 2 vs Scala 3.
I heard nobody complain the time I was still active in the PHP world (lucky me right?). Yet the Python2 code just kept lingering everywhere.
Scala on Track to Support Java 9 Module System https://github.com/scala/scala-dev/issues/529
Scala 2.13 on track to support Spark https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25075