The Canadian printer who successfully sued the Soviet Union
cbc.ca
cbc.ca
> There's an ironic twist to the story. A woman who showed up to the celebratory party claims she was not paid when Edwards' company went bankrupt.
"Manhattan federal judge George Daniels signed off on a pro forma default order Monday against 'the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran'"
https://nypost.com/2018/05/01/9-11-victims-families-win-mult...
Some examples: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlem...
Exceptions for commercial cases–when a foreign government directly engages in international trade or commerce–are widely accepted. This case falls into that category, so Canada was not being particularly exceptional in allowing it.
Exceptions for human rights abuses, torture, terrorism, etc, are much more controversial. The US legal system is actually a bit of an outlier here (albeit not uniquely one) in being willing to entertain lawsuits against foreign governments on the later bases when most legal systems will not permit them.
It is not clear what exactly the original meaning or purpose of this clause was, it was almost entirely ignored until the 1980s, when the US courts resurrected it as a basis for allowing victims of torture to sue the perpetrators in the US despite the fact that both victims and perpetrators were non-US citizens and the torture had no connection with the US. It is questionable whether this contemporary use of the clause is what its authors had in mind.
Most likely, the original intention was to permit foreign nationals to sue in US courts for wrongs committed against them by US citizens or in the US. For example, the US agreed in the peace treaty with Great Britain which ended the American Revolutionary War that British creditors would have their loans honoured, but several states refused to enforce those loans. In another case, in 1784, the top French diplomat to the US was physically attacked on a street in Philadelphia; the French government was upset that US law at the time did not allow the diplomat to sue his assailant. Cases such as these were likely the original intention of the clause, and its original authors probably never expected its later use, but the clause is so vaguely worded it permitted that later extension.
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Formatting is kept simple; I think in part to encourage thoughtful exchange and discourage cheap humor.
Thanks!
Only one thing to beware: To make a newline, you must make a new paragraph by creating an empty line (e.g. "line1\n\nline2"), merely a "line1\nline2" doesn't work. Just like LaTeX or Markdown, a line break in the source code is not the same as a logical paragraph in the output, it makes sense, but the lack of other formatting options makes it a bit inconvenient to making a list. But it's tolerable in the end.