Also in the Pacific Northwest - a doctor once told me that at our latitude, the sun never gets high enough in the sky for humans to be able to rely on sun exposure alone to meet our needed Vitamin D levels.
* That's for light skinned folks.
* I suspect the difference between 51°N and 56°N (ie, Scotland) in such a study would be much larger than most would think.
* From the authors: "It is important to note that this should be undertaken in the middle of the day, with exposure of lower arms and lower legs to maximise benefit."
I grew up In Edmonton Alberta, and in the winter not only is there not much benefit from sun exposure, but: the sun does not warm you. The sun feels cold even at full-bright noon.