Are modules fast? https://bfgroup.github.io/cpp_tooling_stats/modules/modules_...

One reason why this might not be so simple is that what is often measured as a potential for speed improvement is I/O, as in "lines of code a compiler needs to read to process a translation unit". However what happens is that C++ compilers are usually CPU-bound, not I/O bound. What happens also is that C++, very differently from idiomatic C, Pascal, Modula, and their successors, has no clear separation between declaration and use of an interface, as not functions, but classes form the main interface, and what defines a class is the signature of its member functions and its members, and to know the size of the class, the size of its members need to be known, which has the consequence that the C++ compiler needs to read recursively everything which the class is defined with. This is a big difference to modula etc. Also, of course the reading of data can be cached, but the question is how much the expansion of the read text can be cached - for example some will have different semantics if the DEBUG macro is set, or some WIN_xyz macro. As far as I understand, compilers supporting C++ modules will only cache the latest expansion.

Also, the build system with modules is likely to become more complex, with additional dependencies. I do not know whether this is still actual in every aspect (it could be that what is allowed to go into a module header has been narrowed down a bit), but this post : https://vector-of-bool.github.io/2019/01/27/modules-doa.html explains at least some of the topics involved, and not all of them are trivial.