I don't have a great answer for you but I'll give it a shot. It sounds like you're trying to get from a basic understanding of analog circuits to understanding the makeup of a simple processor (e.g. the Z80).

The general progression is:

  1. Circuit Theory (how fundamental components work)

  2. Semiconductors(diodes, transistors, op-amps [skip those for now])

  3. Digital Electronics (basic logic gates and boolean algebra)

Once you finish learning about digital electronics you should have the fundamental knowledge to understand how a basic processor might operate. A reasonably good place to start might be here.

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/

Read Volume 1, Volume 3 (skip chapters 7-13), and Volume 4. That should get you up to speed reasonably quickly.