Trials begin for a new weapon against Parkinson’s: light
sciencemag.org
sciencemag.org
Whilst I'd love to see a viable treatment/cure for this devastating disease, I don't think brain implants are a high potential research vector for what is a cellular disease characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) requires invasive, expensive surgery and doesn't deliver consistent or lasting outcomes because candidate selection is haphazard, and the procedure doesn't alter the disease trajectory. The dopaminergic cells in the striatum continue to die.
I'm surprised to see this NIR trial proceed without a clear hypothesis for how it might work. It sounds like the group is well funded, but even if NIR gets similar results to electro DBS, it would only likely be a niche symptom alleviator for those who can afford it.
I found this part of the article disturbing.
In 2017, together with research fellow Cécile Moro, they injected 20 macaques with a neurotoxin known to cause Parkinson’s symptoms. In nine of them, they also delivered NIR to the midbrain area through an implanted device. Mitrofanis recalls how the first NIR-treated monkey behaved after a 3-week recovery period: “He was moving around like there was nothing wrong. We looked at each other and just hugged. … It was euphoric.”
What is the cost of neurosurgery?
That depends on the kind of Parkinson's. In some cases, the root cause is genetic, not neurodegenerative, and in those cases DBS can significantly alter the disease trajectory.
> Yet Sulzer is giving studies like Benabid’s the benefit of the doubt. The absence of a clear mechanism isn’t a reason to dismiss the therapy, he says. “There are many things we don’t understand,” Sulzer says. “I am skeptical and also think it is an intriguing area of pursuit.”
That's a really difficult testing setup for sure, but Sulzer also demonstrates a really reasonable and commendable stance toward the results and interpretations--hope it works out.
1. how long did you have the concussion for?
2. how many red light treatments did you do?
3. any hypotheses on the connection between red light therapy and clearer skin and clearer vision, assuming red light therapy is what cured these issues?
this thread and the one yesterday about drumming patterns that can trigger different mental states suggest intriguing areas of research for cognitive issues.
would love to hear your thoughts on this.
https://www.lostfalco.com/transcranial-low-level-laser-thera...
Thanks for sharing them, this is interesting stuff to look into. $2k is cheap enough that if it shows promising results for a serious condition, a family or friend network could chip in and help set one up for someone. Then use it themselves for clearer skin too!
[0] https://youtu.be/awADEuv5vWY [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768515/
This just saddens me. Yes, the end result is helping humanity and saving human lives; but we should really be spending some effort in eliminating the need to torture other animals.
And there is regular farming. To extract milk from cows, we steal their calves, making cows cry for days. Male calves are killed and disposed or turned into meat and female calves are kept to repeat the cycle.
In the case of female chicken, we make them live in tiny cages their entire life where they cannot even move. The "cage-free" chicken are just chicken that spent their entire lives in crowded warehouses where they also do not have space. "free-range" chicken have a non-zero outdoor access but there is no guarantee of how much that is, they still spend most of their life in a crowded warehouse. Male chickens are killed by being ground alive right after birth.
The process of killing animals during slaughter sometimes just stuns the animal, leaving the animal alive to experience being cut open and dissected. Slaughterhouse workers kill 250 cows per day each.
Some foods are especially inhumane, like foie gras, which is made by force feeding ducks or geese so that their liver gets enlarged. The repeated force feeding process causes lesions that cause the animals to develop necrotic tissue in their sternum.
Many animals from pet shops come from puppy mills where their mothers are repeateadly forced to give birth until they develop cancer.
And there's much more. We are horrible to animals but very good at marketing. We are even horrible to other humans too: child labor, sweatshops, etc. Morally, paying for these things is equivalent as doing it yourself.
I believe this kind of unnecessary testing has been illegal in the EU for years. The rest of your post... business as usual here.
Meaning what? The alternatives are to experiment on humans, to use simulations, or to not do research at all. Experimenting on humans is out for obvious reasons. Work is presumably already being done on simulation. Until they're a practical alternative, I don't see an ethical problem using animal testing when it's a disease as serious as Parkinson's.
That "I" is the key. Different people have different standards. Mengele had no qualms about using experiments on humans as long as they were Jewish. Many find that troubling, some not at all and find it quite justified when there are under-studied diseases that threaten a superior race.
The crux of your argument is that humans are a superior species and entitled to such luxuries because it can appropriate them.
https://www.history.com/news/nazi-twin-experiments-mengele-e...
Would some choose to die/suffer rather than benefit from such experiments -- yes absolutely. Would some choose to resign than layoff reports for cost cutting -- yes absolutely. Would some grab tax funded benefits even when they have protested boisterously against such schemes all their life -- yes absolutely.
Correct. It would be absurd to treat all species as having equivalent moral standing. Under that belief, it would be morally troublesome to take steps to stop mice eating your winter rations, or to rescue a person from a burning building in preference over two pets.
> Would some choose to die/suffer rather than benefit from such experiments -- yes absolutely.
Some might even prefer that their child die rather than receive treatment developed with animal testing. Reasonable people, however, find this abhorrent. It's right that in the UK, a parent does not have an absolute right to make this sort of mistake. [0]
Nothing is gained by bringing Nazi ideology into the discussion, and I don't appreciate the attempt to compare my position (the mainstream one) to theirs. That's no way to have a discussion.
You've not really expressed a position of your own here, I take it you disagree with mine?
[0] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/consent-to-treatment/children/
What worries me is the desensitization that happens when one does animal testing. I have had grad-students in my academic year do entirely avoidable stuff to lab animals for giggles and demonstrations of the power that they can. I doubt these are as one offs or outliers as they are made out to be.
My other point is that positions will become clearer (to themselves) if those who oppose are not allowed to benefit from the findings unless they concede the point that some animal testing has benefits, how morally uncomfortable they might be. Forget animal testing, I have a feeling many will choose not to eat meat were they to slaughter animals themselves. [Still waiting for the launch of lab grown meat]
I get Godwin's law, but one should not shy away from history when recalling it demonstrates a real point.
I think Mengele anecdote was fair use. It demonstrates that people have different standards and different definitions about who are more entitled than others. It is better to use actual examples rather than hypothetical ones to bring an issue into focus rather than mask it using euphemisms and abstractions. Particularly so because it was a popular position among many at that time, not a fringe position.
Its tempting to invoke democracy to draw the line (and frankly I dont see what could be a better alternative). Mengele example is important, because I think we know now where the line would have been drawn in case of a popular vote.
> It would be absurd to treat all species as having equivalent moral standing.
Why wouldnt it be equally absurd to treat all humans as having equivalent moral standing. Some would argue that that too is equally absurd. In fact that had been the mainstream historical position of much of humankind. I guess its here that things get personal. I have had it said to me in the US that a suffering of an Indian is dollar for dollar worth less than the suffering of an American. Even if many dont say it aloud I will not be surprised if many believe that. The point is, in the future we may look at animal testing that goes on now, the same way we look at Mengele now.
We shouldnt stop animal testing entirely but we should eliminate as much as we can and when it cannot be avoided do those with some regret, gratitude and perhaps a little guilt to keep us watchful about excesses. I think this is 1024core's position as well.
Arguments coming from moral anything (moral obligation, moral standing, etc) are generally founded on some sort of abrahamic value system. Nothing wrong with that, but discussing it from that point of view has already been done (note that there is a post in this chain that says the reasoning for animal testing being okay is made from the supposition that humans are superior) and is therefore not very interesting.
You can of course invent fake ethical situations until the sun turns into a red giant, but they would still not be germane because different situations deserve a different treatment.
The fact that you are transitioning into personal attacks three sentences into your post also really doesn't do what you are saying any favors. Perhaps you find torturing animals because it might save children perfectly acceptable and reasonable and other people find it monstrous and wrong. You might imagine those same people find their own positions to be reasonable.
I'm not saying I have the answer to this question, it's only an anecdote.
The alternative, which is what is done in the US (and most "developed" countries, I imagine) is to kill them all right away.
This is about as weaselly of a response as you could have given. That different people have different standards is irrelevant. What matters is the truth of the matter. Notice that I didn't say the truth is always known, easy to know, or even knowable, but there's a stark difference between the idea that there is a truth of a matter and "it all depends on whom you ask", i.e., there's no fact of the matter, just "different standards".
The Nazi comparison is just poisoning the well (with the tacit presumption that Nazi experiments are evil). I won't dwell on it.
Pointing out assumptions, even when correct (I'm not saying you've properly identified them, only even if you have), does little to advance any argument if its not followed up with some effort to show those assumptions are false or dubious.
The question here is about what is morally permissible in human-animal relations. Rights enter the picture as well. So one could most certainly argue, as Oderberg[0] has, that we are not permitted to be cruel to animals, but that animals nonetheless do not have rights given the preconditions he identifies for rights. Indeed, pre-Cartesian thought is in line with this thinking (i.e., that cruelty toward animals is immoral; note that it was Descartes who reduced animals to unconscious, dumb meat machines).
Apart from that, there is something absurd about the attempt to cast the use of animals as some dreadfully immoral act without having made humans special in the first place. Nature is full of exploitation that doesn't seem to bother those campaigning for animal rights. The praying mantis that consumes prey alive. The crocodile that rips prey apart in a terrifying display of beastly power. The emerald cockroach wasp that uses another animal as a host for its young. Primates can also be quite nasty, tearing the limbs off living, defenseless young members of their own species. Are any of these animals being immoral, at least in those cases where the gruesome action in question is not natural to their survival? If you answer "no", you must give an account of why humans are special. I submit that what makes us different in this respect is that first, we have the capacity to understand what we're going and its immorality, and second, we have the capacity to choose otherwise.
[0] https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7SKlRTfkUiecnJuOWpJSzFOaDg/...
The point is that the answer depends on whom you ask when you ask. Blanket discouragement of historically relevant example, such as Mengele is just censorship to make things look rosy.
Are you disputing the fact that human experiments were considered eminently permissible by a large population of people ? If not, then how is such a fact not germane to the discussion.
> Nature is full of exploitation that doesn't seem to bother those campaigning for animal rights.
Judge, why do you want to put me in prison, so many others murder too.
> I submit that what makes us different in this respect is that first, we have the capacity to understand what we're going and its immorality, and second, we have the capacity to choose otherwise.
Exactly.
In this case, there is already a well developed alternative - electrical deep brain stimulation. That procedure took decades, and many macaque lives, and distressing human failures, to be refined through trial and error to its clinical status today as an imperfect, transient way to relieve symptoms in some patients who can afford repeated surgeries for the rest of their lives, until the disease or their age progresses so far that surgery is no longer an option.
What is to be gained by repeating that developmental journey just to get a second form of DBS up to the same level as the first?
Any form of DBS is not a resolution for PD, which is a degenerative loss of dopamine producing neurones in the substantia nigra.
Electrical DBS does not arrest the neuropathy. NIR DBS will not arrest the neuropathy, no matter how refined.
The only way to stop the suffering is to cure the disease.
Before any cure can be found for PD, scientists have to develop a better understanding of its aetiology. That requires still more basic cell biology research, and more funding, more lab work, and more time. Until there's a breakthrough, those patients who have the resources, and enough ounces of luck, already have the option of attempting to alleviate their symptoms with electrical DBS.
It's the same story with stem cell transplants. If you can get the stem cells into the substantia nigra in enough numbers, the patient's dopamine levels will rise and offer symptomatic relief for awhile, albeit with an increased risk of tumour formation. But the disease will still be there, and the neurones will keep dying off, and the dopamine performance will dwindle over time.
PD is just like that. One day, it will just disappear. But that won't be because someone put a powerful light inside of the human body. It will be because generations of dedicated scientists kept doing the fundamental research required to understand the complex biological systems that control dopamine production, for long enough to understand and defeat this cruel disease.
The article is about implanting a device deep deep in the brain and delivering light pulses, not people “stepping out of their darkened homes”. My uncle has young onset PD and worked outside his entire life.
People interested in red light therapy have already discussed this, see https://redlightman.com/blog/red-light-therapy-vs-sunlight/ for instance.
Yes, you are correct that it is possible to invent plausible-sounding fables. It's perfectly okay to do so, but it's not germane in a discussion about medicine.