Not really, physical access to the machine violates pretty much any chain of trust you can conceivably have for most (all?) security models.

Federated distributed computing relates to what you're thinking of, but it is an extremely difficult topic, and veers into the realm of blockchains and things like that. There is also the whole area of Zero-Knowledge Proofs/Compute that deals with these matters: https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/229.pdf

If your threat model falls under the uber-paranoid category, you have to on-prem everything, preferrably inside your very own bunker. There is no getting around this afaik, and if there is there will probably be major tradeoffs (like the blockchain thingy) instead of a "drop-in" replacement for traditional compute.