I am wondering this as well. Disclaimer I did not read the paper.
On the one hand, there are infinitely many geodesics on a dodecahedron, of unbounded length, so you can't really brute force all of them.
On the other hand, the actual solution only goes through each face at most once. There are infinitely many unfoldings to try, but for each unfolding there are only finitely many paths to try, and you can get the solution on one of the minimal unfoldings.